Organismal Biology 1

• Reproduction


  Biological process where organisms have the ability to produce another of their kind (same species)
• Heredity


  Passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring
• Fertilization


  Union of reproductive cells or gametes
• Types of Reproduction


  • Asexual Reproduction
  • Sexual Reproduction
• Asexual Reproduction


  • Does not require fertilization
  • Results in a clone of the parent
  • No genetic diversity
• Types of Asexual Reproduction

  • Budding
  • Fragmentation
  • Regeneration
  • Binary Fission
  • Vegetative Reproduction
  • Spore Formation
  • Parthenogenesis
• Budding


  Outgrowth or bud on the body of an organism and later separates to make a smaller individual organism
• Fragmentation


  A cut body part does not only regenerate but will become its own separate organism
• Regeneration


  Regrowth of a cut or injured body part
• Binary Fission

  Typically observed in prokaryotes and a few single-celled eukaryotes

  
• Vegetative Reproduction

  A plant part is used to reproduce another plant
• Spore Formation


  Involves the production of spores, which are specialized asexual reproductive cells
• Parthenogenesis


  Unfertilized egg of the female grows to become a new organism
• Sexual Reproduction

  • Involves the union of gametes (egg and sperm)
  • Examples: Humans, Plants (flowers)
• Hermaphrodites

  • Contain both male and female flowers
  • Self-fertilizers are Hermaphrodites, which means they have both male and female reproductive parts and can fertilize by themselves
• Types of Pollination

  • Self-Pollination
  • Cross Pollination
• Self-Pollination

  Pollination that occurs within the same flower

  
• Cross Pollination

  Pollination that occurs between two different flowers of the same species

  
• Types of Fertilization

  • External Fertilization
  • Internal Fertilization
• External Fertilization

  Fertilization that happens outside the body
• Internal Fertilization

  Fertilization that happens inside the body, inside the reproductive tract
• Some organisms can reproduce both asexually and sexually
• Gametophyte

  Haploid multicellular organism that develops from a haploid spore with one set of chromosomes
• Sporophyte

  Diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of plant or algae