artificial stimuli

• P- one limitation of Baddeley's study was that it used quite artificial stimuli rather than meaningful material
• E- for example, the word lists had no personal meaning to the participants. So Baddeley's findings may not tell us much about coding in different kinds of memory tasks, especially in everyday life. When processing more meaningful information, people may use semantic coding even for STM tasks
• L- This suggests that the findings from this study have limited application