Sport and society / technology

• Physical Recreation

  Fun, flexible, self-regulated and voluntary.
• Sport

  Highly structured, requires commitment and equipment, officials present.
• Physical Education

  Compulsory across all 4 key stages, highly structured
• NGB's

  bodies which organise and run a particular sport within the UK. They can put funding into schools and clubs and train elite level coaches.
• National Institute of Sport

  Aims to provide sport science and medical support to elite performers at 9 centres across England. As well as funding to help them reach their potential.
• UK Sport


  Enables GB olympic and paralympic athletes to reach full medal winning potential by funding through various channels.
• Sport England

  Aims to increase participation in sports across England by working with NGB's to fund people from all backgrounds. e.g this girl can
• NGB Whole sport plans

  Shoes how they will increase participation and how they use funding effectively in their sport.
• English Institute of sport

  Provides £40m of funding for elite performers, close links with NGB's, uses technology to analyse performance, gives sport science and medical support.
• The Lombardian Ethic


  The attitude of winning at all costs.
• Preventing violence in sport

  Imposing harsh punishment, using video evidence, introducing awards for fair play, using TMO to support officials, promoting performers.
• Factors causing hooliganism

  Rivalries, hype, alcohol, gang culture, frustration
• Strategies to combat hooliganism

  Improved security, all seater stadia, alcohol restrictions, segregation of fans, early kick offs
• Reasons for doping

  Poor role models, win at all costs attitude, lack of effective deterrents , fame and fortune and high pressure from coaches.
• Anabolic Steroids

  Increase muscle mass and allow a performer to train for longer and harder. Increases power output and muscular strength. Side effects - high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes.
• Peptide hormones - EPO

  Stimulates the production of naturally occuring EPO which increases the production of red blood cells in the body. Improves CV fitness. Side effects - thickens blood leading to a heart attack.
• Beta Blockers

  Reduces heart rate and lowers blood pressure. Improves balance and coordination. Side effects - depression, insomnia, nausea, tiredness
• Implications of taking PEDs 


  Legal action, bans, damaged health, loss of reputation and loss of sponsorship
• Drug testing


  UKAD - organisation responsible for drug testing and preventative measures. WADA - worldwide scale
• Problems that UKAD and WADA face

  Difficult to track and test athletes abroad, ongoing development of masking agents, different countries have different testing procedures, expensive
• Officials 


  Negligence - the failure to take proper care over something. Referees have a duty of care over the safety of participants.
• Bosman Ruling


  Part of contract law that allows a footballer to leave a club after their contract has expired.
• Performers and the law

  Injurys - a club cannot discard a contract if an injury to a player occurs. Loss of earnings - If a player was to have their contract dismissed following an injury or suspension they would be bale to take them to court for loss of earnings.
• Effect of commercialisation on the sponsor

  Can become linked with sport which gibes a healthy image. Sponsoring an athlete that goes on to take PEDs can result in bad publicity for a company.
• Effect of commercialisation on sport

  Advantages - increased money for NGBs to spend on the sport at grassroots level, encourages greater participation, low profile sports have started to gain recognition. Disadvantages - unpopular rule changes, attendance figures drop, can lead to cheating due to pressure, links to an unhealthy sponsor can give a bad image of sport.
• Effect of commercialisation on the performer

  Advantages - opportunity to become famous, encouraged to take part in new activities, video officials mean that performers are less likely to be impacted by one bad call. Disadvantages - Athletes become commodities, playing times are altered to suit the media, amateur performers are forgotten about.
• Effect of commercialisation on the spectator

  Advantages = more opportunity to watch live sport, format is changed to become more exciting, spectators can watch replays live at the stadium. Disadvantages = viewing is disrupted by adverts, increased ticket prices, sport is shown on subscription channels.
• Effect of commercialisation on the officials

  Advantages = higher pay, support from video officials. Disadvantages = decisions are scrutinised, can experience trolling through social media
• Validity


  The degree to which data measures what it is intended to measure
• Reliability


  The degree to which data is consistent and stable over time
• GPS


  Gives information on speed distance and direction of players
• Data integrity


  Making sure that data is recorded accurately and isn't compromised. Data can be compromised by human error, errors when data is transferred from one computer to another and hardware malfunction. Minimising threats to data integrity - regularly backing up data, controlling access to data, using error detection software, dont leave computers unattended.
• Functions of sport analytics

  Monitoring fitness for performance, skill and technique development, injury prevention, talent ID, game analysis
• Benefits of technology for the elderly

  Finger extension exerciser - strengthens fingers. Low impact pedal exercise machine - strengthens quadriceps and hamstrings. Exercise balance mean - maintain balance.