Skeletal system - Respiratory

• Skeletal System


  The framework of the body
• Skeleton


  • Acts as the scaffold by providing support and protection
  • Divides in two skeletal division: Axial and Appendicular
• Functions of the skeletal system

  • Framework and body support
  • Movement
  • Protection of internal organs
  • Production and storage of calcium and minerals
  • Blood cell formation
• Bone cells


  • Osteoblasts (bone forming cells)
  • Osteocytes (mature bone cells)
  • Osteoclasts (responsible for bone respiration)
• Classification of bones according to shape

  • Long Bones
  • Short Bones
  • Flat Bones
  • Irregular Bones
• Axial Skeleton


  Forms the central axis of the body and consists of the skill, vertebral column, and the thoracic cage
• Functions of the Axial Skeleton

  • Supports and protects the brain, spinal cord and many of the internal organs
  • Provides sited for the attachment of other bones and muscles in the body and protects the nerves and blood vessels from the brain and spinal cord
• Parts of the skull

  • Frontal
  • Sphenoid
  • Ethmoid
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
  • Parietal
  • Zygomatic
  • Lacrimal
  • Maxilla
  • Mandible
  • Hyoid bone
• Vertebral Column

  Central axis of skeleton in all vertebrates
• Functions of the Vertebral Column

  • Provides attachments to muscles, supports the trunk, protects the spinal cord, and nerve roots
• Parts of the Vertebral Column

  • Cervical (8)
  • Thoracic(12)
  • Lumbar(5)
  • Sacral(5)
  • Coccyx
• Rib Cage

  Also called the thoracic cage, protects the vital organs and prevents thorax collapse during respiration
• Types of Ribs

  • 1 – 7 true ribs (attached directly attached to the sternum)
  • 8 – 12 false ribs (do not attach directly to the sternum)
  • 11 – 12 floating ribs (do not attach to the sternum)
• Appendicular Skeleton

  Includes the pectoral (or shoulder) girdle and the pelvic girdle, which attach the upper and lower limbs to the body
• Functions of the Appendicular Skeleton

  • Composed of the bones of the upper limbs (which function to grasp and manipulate objects)
  • Composed of the bones of the lower limbs (which permit locomotion)
  • Providing the points of attachment of upper limbs to the axial skeleton
• Clavicle

  Serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum
• Scapula

  To connect the upper extremity with the trunk of the body
• Bones of the Upper Limb

  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Metacarpals
  • Carpals
  • Phalanges
• Bones of the Lower Limb

  • Femur
  • Patella
  • Fibula
  • Tibia
  • Tarsals
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges
• Scoliosis

  When the vertebrae form a curved line instead of being straight
• Osteoporosis

  A bone disease that develops when bone mineral density and bone mass decreases, or when the structure and strength of bone changes
• Functions of the Muscular System

  • Body movement (Skeletal Muscle)
  • Maintenance of posture (Skeletal Muscle)
  • Respiration (Skeletal Muscle)
  • Production of body heat (Skeletal Muscle)
  • Communication (Skeletal Muscle)
  • Constriction of organs and vessels (Smooth Muscle)
  • Heartbeat (Cardiac Muscle)
• Types of Muscle

  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Cardiac Muscle
  • Smooth Muscle
• Muscular Fascia

  • Epimysium
  • Perimysium
  • Endomysium
• Cardiac Muscle

  Striated, branched and uninucleated fibers, found in the walls of the heart, involuntary
• Smooth Muscle

  Spindle-Shaped, Non striated, and uni-nucleated fibers, found in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels, involuntary
• Muscle Contraction

  Two Microfilaments: Actin and Myosin
• Circulatory System

  A system of organs that includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels
• Functions of the Circulatory System

  • Provides blood to all the body's tissue in order for them to function properly
  • Provides oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to muscles, tissues, and organs
  • Protects the body against diseases and infections and allows clotting to stop bleeding
  • Circulates oxygen and removes waste products like Carbon dioxide
• Parts of the Circulatory System

  • Heart
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Pulmonary arteries
  • Heart Valves
• Heart Valves

  • Tricuspid valve
  • Pulmonary valve
  • Mitral valve
  • Aortic valve
• Process of Heart movement

  superior & inferior vena cava > right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary valve > pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary vein > left atrium > mitral valve > left ventricle > aortic valve > aorta > artery > arterioles > capillaries > venioles > veins > superior & inferior vena cava
• Pericardium

  The fluid-filled sac that surrounds and supports your heart's healthy function
• Functions of the Pericardium

  • Protecting your heart from external pressures and forces
  • Holding your heart in place
  • Preventing your heart from overstretching and overfilling with blood
  • Preventing infections in your heart
  • Lubricating your heart and the tissues around it to lessen friction
• Components of Blood

  • Plasma
  • Red Blood Cells
  • White Blood Cells
  • Platelets
• Types of White Blood Cells

  • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Basophils
  • Eosonophils
• Red Blood Cells

  Carries oxygen to the body
• White Blood Cells

  Part of the body's immune system which fight infections and diseases
• Platelets

  Gathers at the injury to clot so your body doesn't lose too much blood
• Plasma

  Liquid portion of the blood, carries different types of blood cells to the body