biology

• biosphere - all ecosystems on earth
• ecosystem - all communities and their environment
• community - all populations in an area
• population - all individuals of the same species in an area
• cell membrane - cell communication and transport
• genetic material - storage of genetic information
• ribosomes - protein synthesis
• nucleus - command center
• golgi apparatus - transportation of proteins and other cellular components
• endoplasmic reticulum - protein synthesis and lipid production
• mitochondria - atp synthesis
• lysosome - cellular digestion
• chloroplast - photosynthesis
• vacuole - storage of food and other cellular components
• cell wall - structural support, protection, controls cell transportation
• centrioles - production of spindle fibers during cell division
• organelles only in prokaryotes:

  1. nucleoid region
  2. capsule
  3. plasmid - extra, circular dna
  4. pilli
• organelles in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes:

  1. ribosomes
  2. cytoplasm
  3. cell membrane
  4. genetic material
• organelles in animal cells - centriole
• organelles only in plant cells:

  1. chloroplast
  2. plasmodesma
  3. cell wall
• base pairings of nucleid acids

  • DNA: adenine-thymine, guanine-cytosine
  • RNA: adenine-uracil, guanine-cytosine
  • DNA to RNA: thymine-adenine, adenine-uracil, guanine-cystosine
• RNA: ribonucleic acid

  1. sugar backbone: ribose
  2. no. of strands: single
• DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid

  1. sugar backbone: deoxyribose
  2. no. of strands: double
• prophase - chromosomes become distinct in diploid cell
• metaphase— chromosomes line uo
• anaphase— sister chromatids head towards opposite poles
• telophase— cell splits; 2 diploid cells formed
• carbohydrates

  1. building blocks: monosaccharides
  2. examples: starch, cellulose
• proteins

  1. building blocks: amino acids
  2. examples: enzymes, hormones
• lipids

  1. building blocks: fatty acids, glycerol
  2. examples: steroids, fats
• nucleic acids

  1. building blocks: nucleotides
  2. examples: DNA, RNA
• prokaryotic - no true nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, mostly unicellular, kingdom archaeabacteria
• eukaryotic - has true nucleus, has membrane-bound organelles, unicellular and multicellular, kingdoms: animalia, plantae, fungi, protista
• cell - most basic unit of life
• organism - made up of cells
• all cells come from other cells
• all cells have similar biomolecules and biochemical reactions
• all cells contain genetic material which is passed from one cell to another
• all chemical and physiological processes happen in the cell
• mitosis - equational division, diploid (2n) to diploid (2n), 2 daughter cells, produces somatic or body cells, for growth and repair