GMOS

• GMO: genetically modified organism.
• Genetically modified foods (GM foods)

  Foods produced from organisms that have had specific changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering

  
• As of 2013 there are several GM crops that are food sources and there are no genetically modified animals used for food production

  
• In some cases, the plant product is directly consumed as food, but in most cases, crops that have been genetically modified are sold as commodities, which are further processed into food ingredients
• Foods with protein or DNA remaining from GMOs

  • Fruits and vegetables
  • Milled corn products

  
• Fruits and vegetables


  • 80% of fruits and vegetables have been genetically modified

  
• Non-browning Arctic apple


  An apple that has been genetically modified to resist browning
• Milled corn products


  • Corn used for food has been genetically modified to be resistant to various herbicides and to express a protein from Bacillus thuringiensis that kills certain insects
  • About 90% of the corn grown in the US has been genetically modified
• Grits


  The coarsest product from the corn dry milling process, used in corn flakes, breakfast cereals, and snack foods
• Corn meal


  An ingredient in several products including cornbread, cereals, fritters, muffins, bakery mixes, pancake mixes, and snacks
• Corn flour


  One of the finest textured corn products generated in the dry milling process, used in mixes for pancakes, muffins, doughnuts, breadings, and batters, as well as baby foods, meat products, cereals, and some fermented products
• Masa flour


  A finely textured corn product produced using the alkaline-cooked process, used in the production of taco shells, corn chips, and tortillas
• Milled soy products

  • Soybean oil
  • Soybean meal
• About 90% of the planted area of soybeans in the US are genetically modified varieties
• Soybean meal


  The remaining product after extracting soybean oil from soybean seeds, with a 50% soy protein content
• Foods containing soy protein

  • Salad dressings
  • Soups
  • Meat analogues
  • Beverage powders
  • Nondairy creamers
  • Frozen desserts
  • Whipped toppings
  • Infant formulas
  • Breads
  • Breakfast cereals
  • Pastas
  • Pet foods
• Soy protein isolates


  Soy components with the non-protein fats and carbohydrates removed, used to improve the texture of processed meat products, increase protein content, enhance moisture retention, and used as an emulsifier
• Soy protein concentrates


  Used as an ingredient in a wide variety of food products, mainly in baked goods, breakfast cereals, and some meat products, to increase water and fat retention and improve nutritional values
• Genetically modified products are a big contribution to improving the health condition of each member of the society/community
• Genetically modified foods (or GM foods) are foods produced from organisms that have specific changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering

  
• These techniques have allowed for the introduction of new traits as well as a far greater control over a food's genetic structure than previously afforded by methods such as selective breeding and mutation breeding

  
• Genetically modified products will help us have a healthier way of living and will benefit all health conscious individuals
• GMO


  Genetically Modified Organism
• Organism


  • Altered through recombinant DNA technology
  • Involves combining DNA from different genomes or inserting foreign DNA into a genome
• Most common GMOs


  • Crop plants
  • Microbes
• Other terms for GMOs

  • Genetically engineered
  • Transgenic
  • Recombinant DNA (rDNA) Technology
• What are not GMOs

  • Mutants
  • Fusion of animal cells unless the product can form an animal
  • Plants formed by protoplast fusion
  • Plants formed by embryo rescue or in vitro fertilization or zygote implantation
  • Organisms formed by natural DNA transfer
• Genetic modification


  • Very fast
  • Precise
  • Can introduce genes into an organism that would not occur naturally
  • Can occur between two types of species
• Selective breeding


  • Slow
  • Imprecise
  • Modification of genes that naturally occur in the organism
  • Occur between plant/animal of same species
• Three main methods for GMOs

  • DNA Microinjection
  • Retrovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer
  • Embryonic Stem Cell-Mediated Gene Transfer
• DNA Microinjection


  • Most commonly used method
  • Only 5% or less of the treated eggs become transgenic progeny
  • Need to check mouse pups for DNA, RNA, and protein
  • Expression will vary in transgenic offspring: due to position effect and copy number
• Retrovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer

  • Retroviral vectors can be used to create transgenic animals
• Embryonic Stem Cell-Mediated Gene Transfer

  • Genetically engineered embryonic stem (ES) cells can be used to create transgenic animals
  • This method allows for gene targeting via homologous recombination
• Two most common types of GMOs

  • Foods
  • Medicines
• GMO Foods


  • Crops are modified to develop resistance to herbicides and increase their nutrient content
  • Fruits are modified to make them ripen later
• GMO Medicines


  • Can be produced cheaper and easier, some are: insulin, thyroid hormones and the Hepatitis B vaccine
  • GM Bacteria have been particularly important in producing large amounts of pure human proteins for use in medicine like clotting factors for hemophilia and human growth hormones to treat dwarfism
• Other types of GMOs

  • Mammals
  • Insects
  • Aquatic Life
  • Transgenic Monkey
  • Genetically Modified Pigs
  • Goats that produce spider silk
• GMO Mammals


  • Research human diseases (to develop animal models for many diseases)
  • Produce industrial or consumer products (pharmaceutical products or tissue implantation)
  • Enrich the animals' interactions with human (hypo-allergic pets)
  • Enhance production or food quality traits (faster growth fish, pigs that digest food more efficiently)
  • Improve animal health (disease resistance)
• GMO Insects


  • The effects of genetic changes on development (malaria resistant mosquitos)
• GMO Aquatic Life


  • Evolution of immunity and developmental processes, rapid growth
  • A genetically engineered salmon (above) will grow ten to eleven times faster than normal fish (below)
  • MADAKA-fish to detect pollutions in waterways