Seed

• The 2 groups of producing vascular plants are gymnosperms and angiosperms.
• Nutrients are the substances that are needed for the growth and maintenance of an organism.
• The 2 types of nutrients are micronutrients and macronutrients.
• Macronutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
• Micronutrients are iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum, chlorine, nickel, cobalt, selenium, iodide, silicon, vanadium, arsenic, and fluoride.
• The 2 types of organisms that are classified in the food web based on how they get food are autotrophs and heterotrophs.
• Autotrophs also known as producers, are organisms that obtain energy from sunlight and chemical (photosynthesis) to produce their food.
• Heterotrophs also known as consumers, are organisms that cannot make their food, thus they obtain their energy by consuming other organisms.
• The 2 types of routes in plant tissues are apoplast and symplast.
• The apoplast pathway is through the cell wall, it is also faster.
• The symplast pathway is through the cytoplasm. The symplast is the pathway of water and solutes.
• Nitrogen is a macronutrients that is needed for proper leaf growth and development.
• Potassium is needed to maintaining the membrane potential of pant cells, and perhaps their turgidity as well.
• Phosphorus is essential for the production of such vital compounds as the nucleic acids and ATP.
• Sulfur essential component of protein because of its occurrence in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. Deficiency produces chlorosis in new leaves and buds, usually without spotting, and poor root development. Sulfur cannot be absorbed in elemental form but must be present as sulfate.
• Calcium deficiency results in abnormal growth and cell division, since calcium is an important component of the middle lamella of cell walls.
• Magnesium is required for the action of many enzymes and is needed also in the synthesis of chlorophyll, which contains it
• 3 types of adaptions are root hair, root nodules, and mycorrhizae.
• root hair use to get air to push the micronutrients to the top of the plants
• root nodules localized swellings in the roots of certain plants where bacterial cells exist symbiotically with the plant. The bacteria help the plant fix nitrogen and in turn, the bacteria are able to utilize some organic compounds provided by the plant. they give shelter to nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
• mycorrhizae is a symbiotic interaction between a young root and a fungus.
• Plant importance:

  Population maintenance

  Genetic Diversity

  ecosystem stability

  Ecosystem adaptation
• Types of asexual reproduction:

  Budding

  Fragmentation

  Vegetative propagation

  Spore formation
• apical meristems are found at the tips of roots and shoots.
• lateral meristems are situated in the vascular and cork cambia
• intercalary meristems are located at internodes and leaf bases
• Sexual reproduction:

  Mating

  fertilization

  Gestation

  Birth
• Carpel is for female reproduction of plants.
• Stamen is the male reproductive system of plants
• Parthenogenesis is a type of asexual production that doesn't require male gametes.