Urine and diagnoses

• what is broken down in urine thar allows to test for drugs and pregnancy’s

  Chemicals including hormones and any toxins in the body
• What does the prescence of glucose in the urine indicate

  Type 1 or 2 diabetes
• What is present in ur urine if you have muscle damage

  Creatinine
• When does the embryo implant into the uterus

  About 6 days after contraception
• What does the developing placenta produce

  Human chorionic gonodotiophin (hCG)
• How was pregnancy detected before the 1960s

  Most reliable test was to inject the urine of the pregnant women into an African clawed toad whiting 8-12 hours the hCG would trigger egg production
• Before the 1960s how long did you have to wait for pregnancy test to be positive if pregnant

  7 weeks
• how soon after contraception can a pregnancy test detect a pregnancy now

  1 hour
• What are monoclonal antibodies 


  They are antibodies from a single clone of cells that are produced to target particular cells of chemicals in the body
• How are monoclonal antibodies made

  1. A mouse is injected with hCG so it makes appropriate antibodies
  2. the b cells that make the required antibody are removed from the spleen of the mouse and fused with a myeloma
  3. the new fused cells is known as a hybridoma
  4. each hybridoma reproduces rapidly resulting in a clone of millions making the desired antibody
• What is a myeloma


  A type of cancer cells that divides rapidly
• main stages of pregnancy test

  1. wick is soaked in urine from the morning since has the highest levels hCG
  2. test contains monoclonal antibodies which have small coloured beads attached to them. If a women is pregnant the hCG in her urine binds to the monoclonal antibodies forming hCH/antibody complex
  3. urine reaches the window were there are immobilised monoclonal antibodies arranged in a line that only bind to hCG antibody complex and the line then appears
  4. the urine goes to the 2nd window where immobilised monoclonal antibodies are in a line and mobile antibodies bind whether hCG is there or not
• What is the point in the second window of a pregnancy test

  simply indicates the test is working
• What are anabolic steroids 


  A drug that mimics the action of the male sex hormone testosterone and stimulate the growth of muscles
• How can urine be tested for drugs

  Using a gas chromatography and mass spectrometry
• How does gas chromatography and mass spectrometry work

  Teh urine sample is vapouriest with s known solvent and passed along A tube. The lining of the tube absorbs the gases and I’d analysed to give a chromatogram that can be read
• If athletes are suspected to be taking drugs why do they have to give a sample that is split in half


  If they test positive when doing the immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies to bind to the broken down drug then the second half will be run through chromatography
• How long can alcohol (ethanol) be detected in the urine

  6-24 hours
• how long can amphetamines be detected in the urine

  1-3 days
• How long can cannabis be detected in the urine

  22 hours to 30 days
• How long can cocaine be detected in the urine

  2-5 days