Properties of Concentration

• Precipitation Reaction - a reaction in which an insoluble ionic compound is formed
• ionic compound - when an cation and an anion react with each other and form a chemical bond
• precipitate - the insoluble product
• Quantities for Reactions that occur in Aqueous Solution - Precipitation Reaction
• Quantities for Reactions that occur in Aqueous Solution - Acid - Base Titration
• 2 Equation of Acid-Base Titration

  1. Molecular Equation
  2. Ionic Equation
• Neutralization Reactions - can be classified as a double displacement reaction
• colligative Properties

  1. Osmotic Pressure
  2. Vapor pressure lowering
  3. Boiling point elevation
  4. Freezing point depression
• Osmosis - process in which solvent particles diffuse through a barrier that does not allow the passage of solute particles
• Osmotic Pressure - To prevent osmosis that is, to prevent water from passing through the more concentrated side of the membrane - pressure can be exerted on the solution.
• Vapor Pressure Lowering - The process of solute molecules lowers the vapor pressure of the solvent.
• Boiling Point Elevation  - The presence of solute means that the temperature must be raised further to raise the vapor pressure to atmospheric pressure, so the boiling point is raised as well.
• Boiling Point Elevation - it is related quantitatively tothe molality of the solute particles present in the solution. The change in boiling point is related to the molality of solute particles by the following equation ∆Tb = Kb m
• Freezing Point Depression - the presence of a solute lowers the freezing point of pure solvent by an amount ∆Tf.
• Colligative Properties and Strong Electrolytes - Colligative Properties are proportional to the number of solute particles present in the solution. When the measured value of a boiling point elevation or freezing point depression is significantly greater than the calculatrd value, we can infer that the solute is an electrolyte and has dissociated into ions.