RESEARCH

• WHO CARRIED OUT RESEARCH ON THE EFFECTS OF CULTURAL VARIATION?

  Van IJZendoorn and Kroonenberg
• WHAT WAS THE AIM OF VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S RESEARCH?

  investigate variations in attachment types between cultures
• WHAT WAS THE RESEARCH METHOD OF VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S RESEARCH?

  meta-analysis
• WHAT TYPE OF DATA WAS USED IN VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S RESEARCH?

  quantitative, secondary
• WHAT WAS THE SAMPLE OF VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S RESEARCH?

  results of 32 studies across 8 different cultures
• WHAT DID ALL 32 STUDIES USE?

  strange situation
• PROCEDURE OF VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S RESEARCH?

  1. Collated data from all 32 studies
  2. Analysed it by working out percentage of each attachment type WITHIN each culture
  3. To draw conclusions about INTERCULTURAL DIFFERENCES (between the 8 cultures)
  4. Analysed it by comparing the percentage of attachment types between studies within the SAME culture
  5. To draw conclusions about INTRACULTURAL DIFFERENCES (within each culture)
• WHAT DID THEY DISCOVER TO BE THE MOST COMMON ATTACHMENT TYPE ACROSS ALL CULTURES?

  B/ secure
• WHERE WERE THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF TYPE B/ SECURE ATTACHMENT?

  Britain
• WHERE WERE THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF TYPE A/ INSECURE AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT FOUND?

  Germany
• WHERE WERE THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF INSECURE RESISTANT/ TYPE C ATTACHMENT FOUND?

  Israel and Japan
• OVERALL FINDINGS OF VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S RESEARCH?

  intracultural differences in attachment types were 1.5 times greater than intercultural differences in attachment types
• CONCLUSION OF VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S RESEARCH?

  may be universal characteristics that underpin infant and caregiver interactions, but child-rearing practices vary between and within cultures