Biology Exam 4/Final

• What do the Kidneys Do for Plasma Constitutes?

  Removes Metabolic Waste and Keeps Correct Ratios of Ions
• What do the Kidneys do for the Osmolarity of Plasma

  Adjusting the amount of water lost in Urine
• What animals are Osmoconformers

  Marine Invertebrates/Fish
• What is Osmolarity?


  Concentration of ALL solute particles (not just moles) in a solution
• What animals are Osmoregulators?

  Animals with Homeostasis mechanisms (Reptiles, mammals)
• What do osmoregulators do by retaining constant osmolarity in the plasma?

  The body can control the osmolarity of the interstitial fluid.
• What are the common solutes of human osmolarity?

  Electrolytes (Ions)
• What is the Osmolarity of the Intercellular and interstitial fluid?

  about 287 osmolar
• What is the osmolarity of one mole of NaCl dissolving?

  2 Osmolar
• What is human osmolregulation controlled by?

  Endocrine System/Kidney
• What is the Kidney doing if we become Hypertonic

  Hold onto the Water from leaving in the Urine (Dark Colored Pee/Dehydration)
• What is the Kidney doing in a Hypotonic Situation?

  Passing/Releasing Excess Water into the Urine (Light Colored Pee/OverHydration)
• What are the principle Metabolic waste products?

  Water, Carbon Dioxide, and Ammonia
• What harmful thing does Ammonia do?

  Increase pH of body fluids
• What are aquatic animals main waste product?

  Ammonia
• How do aquatic animals get rid of their waste product?

  No extra energy, it just diffuses on out
• What are mammals main waste product

  Urea
• How do mammals get rid of their waste product

  Energy Costly, Needs a lot of water to secrete
• What is the main waste product of birds, reptiles, and insects?

  Uric Acid
• What's Uric Acid's deal?

  Energy Costest, but secreted as paste, no water needed
• Kidney Role in Vertebrates

  major organ of excretion and osmoregulation
• Kidney Role in Mammals

  Urea Disposal
• What specifically the Kidney regulates

  Total blood volume and Extracellular fluid osmolarity
• Outline the Execratory System in Humans

  Kidney, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra, Opening
• Process of Smooth Muscles of Urinary Bladder Contracting

  Urination
• Outer Portion of the Kidney

  Renal Cortex
• Inner Potion of the Kidney

  Renal Medulla
• The "palm" of the kidney

  Renal Pelvis
• Blood vessels of Kidney

  Renal Artery and Vein
• Vessel Connected to Kidney "palm"

  Ureter
• Functional Unit of Kidney

  Nephron
• How many Nephrons are in Each Kidney?

  Around one million
• How does the Kidney Filter Blood

  Plasma is pulled from the blood and filtered. Needed things go back to the blood, waste shoots into the Renal Pelvis then many tubes
• Where the blood drive by while the plasma is pulled from it?

  Glomerulus capillaries beds
• Where does the plasma go after it is pulled out?

  Bowsman's Capsule
• Path of plasma through a Nephron

  Bowman's Capsule, Proximal convoluted tubule, The Loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tubule, Collecting duct
• What is reabsorbed throughout the path of the plasma?

  Water, ions, and nutrients
• What are the four steps of the formation of urine in the Tubular component of the Nephron?

  Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion, Concentration
• What parts of the Nephron are in the Renal Cortex

  Bowsman Capsule, Proximal Tubule, Distal Tubule, and 1/2 of the Collecting Duct
• What parts of the Nephron are in the Renal Medulla

  The Loop of Henle and 1/2 of the Collecting Duct