Muscular skeletal Dystem

• Musculoskeletal system & analysis of movement

  Applied anatomy and physiology
• Topics in the musculoskeletal system unit

  • Joints
  • Joint actions
  • Planes of motion
  • Joint actions and muscle contractions
• Task


  1. Label the 'volunteer' with the names of all the appropriate bones

  2. Femur

  3. Tarsals

  4. Phalanges

  5. Meta-tarsals

  6. Humerus

  7. Radius

  8. Clavicle

  9. Sternum

  10. Cranium

  11. Fibula

  12. Carpals

  13. Scapula

  14. Ilium

  15. Patella

  16. Phalanges

  17. Tibia

  18. Meta-carpals

  19. Vertebral Column

  20. Ulna

  21. Rib(s)
• Types of joints


  • Fixed (fibrous)
  • Slightly moveable (cartilaginous)
  • Synovial (freely movable)
• Joints


  • Necessary for movement
  • Where 2 or more bones meet
• Shoulder joint


  • Ball and socket joint
  • Articulating bones: Humerus and scapula
  • Types of movement: Flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, horizontal abduction and horizontal adduction
• Hip joint


  • Ball and socket joint
  • Articulating bones: Femur and pelvis
  • Types of movement: Flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, horizontal abduction and horizontal adduction
• Elbow joint


  • Hinge joint
  • Articulating bones: Humerus, radius and ulna
  • Types of movement: Flexion and extension
• Knee joint


  • Hinge joint
  • Articulating bones: Femur and tibia
  • Types of movement: Flexion and extension
• Ankle joint


  • Hinge joint
  • Articulating bones: Talus, tibia and fibula
  • Types of movement: Plantar flexion and dorsi flexion
• Planes and axes


  • Sagittal - Transverse
  • Frontal - Sagittal
  • Transverse - Longitudinal
• Jelly Babies activity


  1. Cut 3 jelly babies in two to show different planes

  2. Place sticks through 3 jelly babies to show different axes

  3. Place disfigured jelly babies on worksheet

  4. Suggest types of movements in each plane and axis
• Flexion


  Movement that decreases the angle between two body parts
• Extension


  Movement that increases the angle between two body parts
• Hyperextension


  Movement of a joint beyond its normal range of motion
• Shoulder and hip movements

  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Horizontal abduction
  • Horizontal adduction
• Sagittal plane - transverse axis


  • Vertical plane that splits body into left and right halves
  • Axis runs from side to side across the body
  • Movements: Flexion, extension, hyperextension, elbow/knee flexion/extension, ankle plantar/dorsi flexion
• Frontal plane - sagittal axis


  • Vertical plane that divides the body into front and back halves
  • Axis from front to back
  • Movements: Adduction, abduction
• Transverse plane - longitudinal axis

  • Plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves
  • Axis runs from top to bottom
  • Movements: Horizontal abduction, horizontal adduction
• In order to clear a hurdle, hip flexion will occur
• Hip flexion


  Occurs in the sagittal plane around the transverse axis
• Elbow joint


  • Hinge joint
  • Articulating bones: Humerus, radius and ulna
  • Joint action: Extension
• Ankle joint


  • Hinge joint
  • Articulating bones: Talus, tibia and fibula
  • Joint action: Plantar flexion
• Practical activity


  1. Move shoulder along frontal plane

  2. Move right lower leg along sagittal plane

  3. Move along transverse plane without lifting feet

  4. Move 4 joints simultaneously along sagittal plane
• Idea piles activity


  1. Write examples of sporting movements for each plane

  2. Select best 3 examples and place on board
• Key muscles to know

  • Tricep
  • Pectoralis major
  • Trapezius
  • Latissimus dorsi (lats)
  • Deltoid (delts)
  • Bicep
  • Rectus abdominus (abs)
  • Obliques
  • Erector spinae
  • Quadriceps (quads)
  • Hamstrings
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Soleus
  • Gluteals (glutes)
• Deltoid


  You have 3 deltoids: Anterior deltoid - shoulder flexion, Medial deltoid - shoulder abduction, Posterior deltoid - shoulder adduction
• Agonists and antagonists


  Agonist muscle contracts to cause movement, antagonist muscle relaxes and lengthens
• Muscles can only pull, not push, so they must work in pairs
• Muscles


  • Quadriceps: Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Soleus
  • Pectoralis minor
  • Pectoralis Major
  • Deltoid
  • Triceps Brachii
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Gluteus medius
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Adductor magnus
  • Hamstrings: Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus
• Deltoids


  • You have 3: Anterior, Medial, Posterior
  • Each of them have different functions
• Anterior deltoid


  Shoulder flexion
• Medial deltoid


  Shoulder abduction
• Posterior deltoid


  Shoulder adduction
• Agonist


  Muscle responsible for a movement
• Antagonist


  Muscle that works in opposition to the agonist
• Agonists and antagonists


  1. A joint can not move by itself

  2. Muscles attach to bones (tendons)

  3. When a muscle contracts, it pulls on the bone

  4. Muscles can only pull, therefore they must work in pairs
• Bicep


  Responsible for flexion at the elbow
• When the agonist contracts


  The radius moves towards the shoulder
• Antagonist muscle


  Works in opposition to the agonist (relaxing and lengthening)