AP Human Geo Review Test

• Thematic Maps


  Show specific data or information about a particular topic (e.g., population density, climate)
• Reference Maps


  Provide general information about a place, such as its location, boundaries, and features
• Map Projections


  Represent the curved surface of the Earth on a flat surface, which can lead to distortion in shape, area, or distance
• Mr. Sin: '"Each map projection will struggle with distortion, and we can see this happen in the shape, area, or distance."'
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS)


  Layers data on maps to show different spatial relationships
• Research methods used in GIS

  • Qualitative
  • Quantitative
• Qualitative Research


  Focuses on people's attitudes, beliefs, or feelings
• Quantitative Research


  Uses numerical data, often from censuses
• Distance Decay


  The idea that the farther away two places are, the less interaction there is between them
• Scale of Analysis


  Refers to the level of detail and scope of data
• Small-Scale Maps


  Show a larger area with less detail
• Large-Scale Maps


  Show a smaller area with more detail
• Scale


  The ratio of the distance on a map to the corresponding distance in reality
• Environmental Determinism


  The idea that the environment sets restrictions on society and culture
• Possibilism


  The idea that society can shape and modify the environment to suit its needs
• Functional or Nodal Regions


  Geographic areas organized around a central point, often based on economic activity or communication
• Perceptual or Vernacular Regions


  Geographic areas with no clear definition, existing only because of people's beliefs or feelings
• Formal and Uniform Regions


  Geographic areas with common attributes, often defined by economic, social, political, or environmental characteristics
• Population Distribution


  The way people are spread out across the Earth's surface
• People live in areas with more opportunities (economic, social, political, environmental)</b>
• Areas with more opportunities attract more people
• Arithmetic Density


  Total population divided by total land area
• Physiological Density


  Total population divided by arable land area
• Agricultural Density

  Number of farmers divided by arable land area
• Population Vocabulary

  • CBR (Crude Birth Rate)
  • CDR (Crude Death Rate)
  • NIR (Net Migration Rate)
  • Growth Rate
  • Sex Ratio
  • Doubling Time
  • Dependency Ratio
• Population Pyramids

  Show the population distribution by age and sex
• Demographic Transition Model

  A model that describes the transition of a country from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates
• Stages of the Demographic Transition Model

  • Stage 1: Low growth, high birth and death rates
  • Stage 2: Death rates fall, birth rates remain high, population boom
  • Stage 3: Birth rates fall, growth rate becomes moderate
  • Stage 4: Zero population growth, birth and death rates balance
  • Stage 5: Death rates rise above birth rates, population decline
• Epidemiologic Transition Model

  A framework that analyzes the causes of death in different stages of a population's development
• Stages of the Epidemiologic Transition Model

  • Stage 1: High mortality and fertility rates, primarily due to infectious diseases
  • Stage 2: Decrease in mortality rates, increase in fertility rates, and shift from infectious to chronic diseases
  • Stage 3: Continued decrease in mortality rates, increase in life expectancy, and shift to degenerative diseases
  • Stage 4: Low mortality and fertility rates, with a focus on degenerative diseases
  • Stage 5: Variants and differences in mortality rates and causes of death
• Pro-natalism

  Governments implement policies to increase population growth, encouraging citizens to have more children
• Anti-natalism

  Governments implement policies to restrict population growth, discouraging citizens from having more children
• Malthus: '"Malthus believed that population would continue to grow exponentially, while food production would only grow arithmetically, eventually leading to a Malthusian catastrophe."'
• Neo-Malthusians extend Malthus' ideas, considering not just food production but all of the world's resources. They believe that eventually, population will exceed the earth's carrying capacity, leading to a catastrophe.
• Push Factors

  Reasons that make people leave an area, such as political, economic, social, or environmental reasons
• Pull Factors

  Reasons that attract people to an area, such as economic opportunities or a better quality of life
• Types of Migration

  • Forced Migration
  • Voluntary Migration
• Counter Migration

  The movement of people from point B to point A, creating a connection between the two places and influencing each other through various ways
• Diffusion

  The spread of cultural traits, ideas, or innovations from one place to another
• Cultural Relativism

  Viewing a culture through their perspective, without holding it to our own cultural standards