Risk Factors and Diagnostics for All The Cases

• Hyperemesis Gravidarum


  Severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy
• Risk Factors for Hyperemesis Gravidarum


  • First pregnancy
  • Multiple gestations
  • Obesity
  • History of hyperemesis gravidarum
  • Trophoblastic disease
• Diagnostic Tests for Hyperemesis Gravidarum

  • Electrolyte panel
  • Liver function tests
  • Thyroid function tests
  • Urine ketones
• Normal electrolyte values


  Sodium 135-145 mmol/L, Potassium 3.5-5.0 mmol/L, Chloride 95-105 mmol/L
• Risk Factors for Ectopic Pregnancy

  • Previous ectopic pregnancy
  • Tubal surgery
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease
  • Endometriosis
  • Smoking
• Diagnostic Tests for Ectopic Pregnancy


  • Serum beta-hCG
  • Transvaginal ultrasound
• Normal beta-hCG levels


  Double approximately every 48-72 hours in a healthy pregnancy
• Hydatidiform Mole (H. Mole)


  A type of gestational trophoblastic disease where the placenta develops abnormally
• Risk Factors for Hydatidiform Mole

  • Extremes of maternal age
  • Previous molar pregnancy
  • History of miscarriage
• Diagnostic Tests for Hydatidiform Mole

  • Elevated beta-hCG
  • Ultrasound showing "snowstorm" pattern
  • Histopathology
• Beta-hCG levels in Hydatidiform Mole


  Significantly higher than in normal pregnancies
• Abortion


  Spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy
• Risk Factors for Abortion

  • Advanced maternal age
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol consumption
  • Drug use
  • Certain medical conditions
• Diagnostic Tests for Abortion

  • Ultrasound to confirm viability
  • Beta-hCG levels to monitor the pregnancy
• Incompetent Cervix


  Weakening or premature dilation of the cervix during pregnancy
• Risk Factors for Incompetent Cervix

  • Previous cervical surgery
  • Trauma
  • Congenital cervical abnormalities
• Diagnostic Tests for Incompetent Cervix

  • Cervical length measurement via transvaginal ultrasound
• Cervical length <25 mm before 24 weeks


  Indicates an incompetent cervix
• Placenta Previa


  Placenta partially or completely covers the cervical opening
• Risk Factors for Placenta Previa


  • Previous placenta previa
  • Multiple pregnancies
  • Advanced maternal age
  • History of uterine surgery
• Diagnostic Tests for Placenta Previa

  • Transabdominal or transvaginal ultrasound to assess placental location
• Abruptio Placenta


  Premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall
• Risk Factors for Abruptio Placenta

  • Hypertension
  • Preeclampsia
  • Smoking
  • Trauma
  • Advanced maternal age
• Diagnostic Tests for Abruptio Placenta

  • Ultrasound to assess placental separation
  • Coagulation profile
  • Complete blood count (CBC)
• Oligohydramnios


  Decreased amniotic fluid volume
• Risk Factors for Oligohydramnios


  • Maternal dehydration
  • Ruptured membranes
  • Placental insufficiency
  • Fetal urinary tract abnormalities
• Diagnostic Tests for Oligohydramnios


  • Amniotic fluid index (AFI) via ultrasound
• AFI <5 cm


  Indicates oligohydramnios
• Polyhydramnios


  Excessive amniotic fluid volume
• Risk Factors for Polyhydramnios

  • Maternal diabetes
  • Fetal anomalies
  • Multiple gestations
• Diagnostic Tests for Polyhydramnios

  • Amniotic fluid index (AFI) via ultrasound
• AFI >25 cm


  Indicates polyhydramnios
• Premature Rupture of Membranes

  Rupture of the amniotic sac before the onset of labor
• Risk Factors for Premature Rupture of Membranes

  • Infection
  • Cervical incompetence
  • Multiple pregnancies
  • Trauma
• Diagnostic Tests for Premature Rupture of Membranes

  • Nitrazine test (pH)
  • Ferning pattern on microscopy
  • Ultrasound to assess amniotic fluid volume
• Preterm Labor


  Onset of labor before 37 weeks of gestation
• Risk Factors for Preterm Labor


  • Previous preterm birth
  • Multiple gestations
  • Infections
  • Stress
• Diagnostic Tests for Preterm Labor

  • Cervical length measurement
  • Fetal fibronectin test
  • Ultrasound
• Fetal fibronectin presence


  Indicates a risk of preterm labor
• PIH/Preeclampsia/Eclampsia


  Pregnancy-induced hypertension, with or without proteinuria and organ dysfunction