1. history of community broadcasting

• History of Broadcasting

  • History of TV Broadcasting
  • History of Radio Broadcasting
• Mainstream forms of broadcasting


  • Overlook and underrepresent the issues, concerns, and needs of rural, grassroots, and/or minority and marginalized groups
• Community broadcasting


  • Help fill major information gaps
  • Have access to information
  • Platform for the voiceless to express themselves and access information
• Community broadcasting


  The broadcast media, particularly radio, are used to provide people in a community with better access and opportunities to enable them to participate in community development

  
• Community broadcasting


  Broadcasting to a distinct audience, whether a geographic community or a community of interest, a linguistic or migrant community, or a group of people that is in some way marginalized, the station may provide social capital, social worth, and ultimately social gain to that community
• Models of Community Radios


  • US: alternative to commercial radio, advertisement-free, listener supported, platform for discussion of issues of interest groups (ethnic and migrant communities, political activists)
  • Canada: began as early as 1958, operating in small, isolated aboriginal communities, response to increasing number of English-language television and radio-stations that competed with local culture and expression

  
• Three prominent cases of community radio in Latin America


  • Network of Miners Radio (Bolivia, 1947): outstanding examples of participatory communication in the world, used radio to advance their goals, introduced a new model of a more organized and systematic participatory radio
  • Fr. Joaquin Salcedo's catechetical radio: pioneer in the use of radio for adult distance education, top-down, linear model of communication
  • Association Latinoamericana de Educacion Radiofonica (1972): adopted Paolo Freire's education model, focused on receiving information and raising consciousness, model of participatory development

  
• Community Radio in Europe


  • Started out as pirate stations in the 70's, response to state broadcast monopolies, highlighted the important role of community radio as a means of freedom of expression and information, development of culture, and freedom to form and confront opinions and active participation
• Community Radio in Australia


  • Introduced during the Whitlam era, supported by sponsorship and listener subscription

  
• Community Radio in Africa


  • Resulted from a desire for independence and participation from the state-owned, top-to-bottom broadcasting model, prospered due to ability to cater to a large number of local languages in African countries and communities, encouragement of media education, creation of platform for debate and idea exchange, enhancement of political emancipation, protection of local language and heritage
  • Challenges: high expenses in maintenance, lack of electricity, roads, and other infrastructure
• Community Radio in Asia is relatively new and a result of a need for a more participative media
• Community radio in Asia could not fully develop because Asian broadcasting systems were originally organized as government mouthpieces and were meant to simply disseminate information
• Radio model in Asia: highly centralized, commercialized, and monopolized
• Organizations, churches, and agricultural colleges and universities promote educational and developmental radio in Asia
• The history of community broadcasting in the Philippines is vague at best, and the term may have been called local radio at the start of radio in the US
• Three types of community broadcast stations in the Philippines


  • University-owned radio stations
  • Nongovernment-owned radio stations
  • 20-watt radio stations (entirely volunteer-operated; serve a small segment of the population)
• DZUP, UP Diliman


  First university-owned community and educational radio station, inaugurated on Dec. 2, 1958 with a one-half kilowatt transmitting power, serves as an extension of the classroom while providing news and entertainment of UPD and the community, intended audiences are academic and non-academic community members of the campus
• Radyo DZLB, UPLB


  Went on-the-air on August 2, 1964 with a power of 250 watts, used not only as a laboratory and training center for development broadcasters, but more as a tool in disseminating development information to its intended audiences
• Other university-owned radio stations

  • DXMU (Central Mindanao University)
  • DYAC (former Leyte State University, now called Visayas State University)
• DZJO, Infanta, Quezon


  Nongovernment-owned radio station, began broadcasting in 1969, guided by the people's concept that "less information equals less power", has a four-fold role as a community-based radio: facilitator, educator, catalyst, and analyst
• Tambuli community radio project


  Latest model in community broadcasting, began in September 1991 with one-half kilowatt power provided by the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), through UNESCO, a low-powered FM radio station and community newspaper were implemented with livelihood training in remote, isolated and economically depressed communities in the Philippines, provided information such as schedule of Sunday masses, weddings, funerals, appointments with rural doctor, etc.
• The Tambuli community radio project established 20 community radio stations throughout the Philippines before ending in January 31, 2000
• Radyo Natin Network


  Launched on December 16, 1977 by the Manila Broadcasting Company, composed of 100 FM Stations, operates on the FM band with a "hometown" radio format, programming consists of simulcasts from DZRH and local programming, may have brought more disadvantages to community radio movement, the model enabled private orgs to use more of the limited frequencies allowed by the national government, led to more difficulty for small media companies and communities to establish their own radio stations