Global Migration

• Postive effects of migration in Poland


  • Women are able to get jobs that they couldnt before.
• Causes of migration


  Push factors - Conflict and war (Syria and Eritrea), Immature/ corrupt government (Libya), Climate (North Africa and Middle East)Pull factors - Job opportunities, better education + healthcare
• Negative effects of migration in Poland


  • Lack of workers
  • 2 million poles left
  • Missing their families
• Positive effects of migration in Peterborough.

  • Growing local economy
  • Higher incomes (SOL + QOL)
  • Enthusiastic, better workers
• What is the Schengan Agreement?


  • Allowed free movement within most of the EU.
  • Signed in 1985 and took effect 10 years later.
• Migration policies in the UK

  • EU, EEA and Swiss citizens and other non-visa nationals don't require a visa to enter the UK for up to 6 months
  • There are different types of visas available - visitor,work, marriage or student visa
  • Citizens outside the EU are subject to immigration control, they can't enter the UK to live, work or study unless they are granted a visa.
• Opportunities that are created by migration in the UK

  • Migrants are mostly of working age - increase in labour force
  • UK real GDP has increased signifcantly faster than GDP per head.
  • More flexible labour market - helps meet demands for semi-skilled jobs such as builders and plumbers.
• Challenges that are created by migration in Laos.

  • Economic migrants are low skilled, limited education + under 18
  • Loss of skilled labour
  • Vulnerablity to human trafficking, forced labour and exploitation
• Challenges that are created by migration in the UK

  • Strains will be placed on eductaion and healthcare
  • Roads will have to be widened and new ones built to deal with extra traffic
  • Increase congestion and pollution.
• Opportunities that are created by migration in Laos.

  • 400 investment projects in Laos stimulate the economy
  • Political stability
• Migration policies that exist in Laos

  • Many policies have been ineffective
  • 'National Plan of Action of Human Trafficking' has 3 stands: Prevention, Protection, and Prosection.
• Negative effects of migration in Peterborough

  • Over-crowded
  • Language barriers
  • More waste
  • Prostitution brothels occuring
  • Traffic
• Factors that influence global migration patterns

  • New sources area + host destinations - high demand of labour
  • Greater flows of south to south migration - increased QOL + SOL
  • Changes in national migration policies - border control
  • Development of distinct corridors of bilateral flows - close proximity (cost of travel reduced), ect.
• Evidence that migration causes conflicts and injustices in host countries

  • Potential rise to extremist organisations if local people feel threatened
  • Pressure on healthcare/education
  • Social tensions between locals and migrants (racism and xenophobia)
  • Larger amounts of waste to dispose of
  • Green spaces may be built on 
  • Resource extraction can cause environmental damage and pollution
• Evidence that migration promotes development in host countries

  • Population structure changes as most migrants are of working age
  • Expansion of workforce can fill jobs, and help the economy to grow.
  • Migrants learn new skills and become more creative
  • Migrants earn an income ect (multiplier effect)
• Evidence that migration causes conflicts and injustices in home countries

  • Large-scale migration causes population decline
  • Lead to an aging population as elderly people tend to stay
  • Males more likely to leave which causes a gender imbalance
  • Shortage of healthcare proffessionals
  • Loss of culture when people leave
• Evidence to prove that migration promotes development in home countries


  • Migrant worker may send some of their income back to their home country (remittances)
  • Environment may improve due to reduced farming
  • Returning migrants bring new ideas/skills
  • Less pressure on education/healthcare
• Impacts of migration on Italy

  • Cost of rescuing + reception of migrants is around €200 million annually.
  • 170,100 migrants arrived
  • Racial intolerance
  • Right political parties (Forza Nuova) support the cancellation of the Marc Nostrum operation
• Impacts of migration on Africa. (Inter-regional)

  • Families are left vulnerable without support
  • Human traffickers exploit this vulnerability, forcing them into debt or sex of bodies
• Why are some poles returning home?

  • Worsening economic recsession in the UK
  • Increased prosperity in Poland
  • Value of pound decreased since 2004
  • Attracted by the prospects of the growing economy.
• Negative impacts of migration due to Poles moving to the UKs

  • Language barriers
  • Segregation
  • Competition for jobs
  • Pressure on resouces
• Postive impacts of migration due to Poles moving to the UK

  • Positive net migration since 1991
  • Migrants of poles aged 16-64 were employed in UK (83.9%)
  • Improved economy
• Causes of intra-regional migration in Poland.

  • Push Factors such as unemployment as it was 20% in 2004, and incomes were 4x lower in Poland.
  • Pull Factors such as better education, improved QOL and SOL, and improved healthcare.