ana lab fr

• 12-14 cm


  length of the pharynx
• pharynx


  a musculomembranous tube shaped like an inverted cone; have 3 circular contrictors and 3 longitudinal elevators
• cranial base; lower border of cricoid cartilage


  the pharynx extends from the __________ to __________
• branches of external carotid artery (ascending branches of the facial a., maxillary a., and lingual a.)


  blood supply of the pharynx
• nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx


  the pharynx communicates with the nasal, oral, and laryngeal cavities via:
• soft palate


  the nasopharynx lies above which structure?
• posterior nares


  the nasopharynx lies behind which structure?
• pharyngeal branch of the pterygopalatine ganglion


  innervation of the nasopharynx
• pharyngeal tonsils (adenoid)


  a median mass of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue situated in the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx
• truncated pyramid


  shape resembling the adenoid
• vertical


  orientation of the adenoid median cleft
• nasal septum


  apex of the adenoid
• junction of the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx


  base of the adenoid
• oropharynx


  extends from below the soft palate to the upper border of the epiglottis
• oropharyngeal isthmus


  the oropharynx opens the mouth through which structure?
• soft palate


  is a mobile flap from the posterior border of the hard palate sloping down and back between the oral and nasal parts of the pharynx
• an air passage, a sphincter and an organ of phonation; extends from the tongue to the trachea


  larynx
• 3rd and 6th cervical vertebrae


  position of the larynx at rest (adult males)
• females and children


  the larynx is situated higher in?
• hyoid


  bone attached to the larynx
• ligaments and fibrous membranes


  the larynx is formed by a series of cartilages interconnected by which structures?
• epiglottis


  a leaf like plate of elastic fibrocartilage which projects obliquely upwards behind the tongue and hyoid body and in the front of the laryngeal inlet
• the hyoid bone moves upwards and forwards; bent posteriorly as a result of passive pressure from the base of the tongue and active contraction of the aryepiglottic muscles


  function of the epiglottis
• swallowing, respiration, or phonation


  the epiglottis is not essential for:
• head and neck


  what do the cranial nerves innervate?
• olfactory


  (CN I) contributes in the sense of smell; carries information from the nasal epithelium to the brain

  
• optic


  (CN II) transforms information about vision to the brain; supplies information to the retina in the form of ganglion cells

  
• oculomotor


  (CN III) its functions include superiorly uplifting the eyelid, superiorly rotating the eyeball, construction of the pupil on the exposure to light and operating several eye muscles

  
• trochlear


  (CN IV) motor nerve; supplies to midbrain; performs the function of handling the eye muscles and turning the eye

  
• trigeminal


  (CN V) largest cranial nerve; performs many sensory functions related to the nose, eyes, tongue and teeth; divided in three branches: ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular

  
• abducent


  (CN VI) motor nerve that supplies to the pons and performs the function of turning the eye laterally

  
• facial


  (CN VII) responsible for facial expressions; basically present over the brain stem

  
• vestibulocochlear


  (CN VIII) providing information related to balance of head and hearing; carries vestibular and cochlear information to the brain; placed near the inner ear

  
• glossopharyngeal


  (CN IX) carries sensory information from the pharynx and portion of tongue & palate; covers some portion of taste buds and salivary glands

  
• vagus


  (CN X) mixed nerve that carries both motor and sensory functions; deals with the area of the pharynx, larynx, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, some portion of heart and palate; in sensory, it contributes in the tasting ability

  
• spinal accessory


  (CN XI) supplies information about the spinal cord, trapezius and other surrounding muscles; provides muscle movement of the shoulders and neck

  
• hypoglossal


  (CN XII) motor nerve that deals with the muscles of the tongue

  
• inferior alveolar nerve


  a branch of V3; travels through the mandibular foramen and mandibular canal; innervates the lower teeth
• mental nerve


  branch of IAN; innervates the skin and mucous membranes of the lower lip, skin of the chin, and the gingiva of the lower teeth
• cranium, pterygopalatine fossa, infraorbital canal, face


  four groups of maxillary nerve branches: