biology - nutrition+genes

• Photosynthesis - How plants make their food
• carbon dioxide + water (light energy and chlorophyll)-> glucose + oxygen
• chlorophyll - green, absorbs light energy, changes carbon dioxide and water to glucose and oxygen
• variation - different within/between species
• Factors of variation

  1. inherited - from parents, eg: eye color
  2. environmental - eg: tattoos
• Genes - a section of DNA that work together in large numbers to control variation of a choromosome
• Alleles - Form of the same gene, different instructions
• Genotype - set of alleles
• Phenotype - physical characteristic
• Homozygous - 2 identical alleles
• Heterozygous - 2 different alleles
• Dominant - allele controls characteristic when present
• Recessive - shows when allele is present in genotype
• 1. Male chromosome - XY
  2. Female chormosome - XX
• Carbohydrate

  • for energy
  • eg - pasta
• Protein

  • Makes cells, repair body
  • eg - fish
• Fat

  • Future energy, traps heat
  • bacon
• Vitamins

  • keeps body healthy
  • eg - fruits, vegetables
• Minerals

  • Keeps body healthy
  • meat
• Fibre

  • clean intestines
  • eg - cereal
• Water

  • Dissolves things to be carried in body
• Iodine

  • Starch
  • yellow-brown -> blue-black
• Benedicts

  • Glucose for quick energy release
  • blue -> brick-red
• Biuret

  • Protein
  • blue -> lilac/purple
• Ethanol

  • Fat
  • clear -> clear-cloudy
• Digestive System

  1. mouth - has enzyme to start digestion of starch
  2. gullet - tube that carries food from mouth to stomach
  3. stomach - churns food with acid and enzymes that break down protein
  4. liver - makes bile that turns fat to droplets to provide sutible pH for enzymes
  5. gall bladder - stores bile
  6. pancreas - makes enzymes-protease,lipase,carbohydrase
  7. small intestine - addes enzymes to complete digestion
  8. large intestine - removes water from unwanted food, forms solid faeces
  9. rectum - stores faceces
  10. anus - pushes out
  11. appendix - no job
• Enzyme

  • Catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in cell without being used up / chemically changed
  • Sensitive to high temperatures and extreme pH
• Enzymes

  Low - low activity, less kinetic energy

  Optimum - kinetic energy in substrate, molecules is ideal

  High - Shape is altered, irreversible (denaturation)
• Carbohydrase (starch)

  • Large insoluble molecules -> glucose moluecules
  • found in saliva, pancreatic fluid
• Protease (Protein)

  • Long protein molecule -> Amino acid molecule
  • found in stomach, pancreas, small intestine
• Lipase (Fat)

  • Fat molecule -> glycerol
  • Found in small intestine, pancreatic fluid
• Discrete / Discontinuous - data only takes fixed values

  eg - fingers , gender
• Continuous - range of values

  eg - height