Science

• Biology


  The study of living organisms
• New emerging careers in biology include bioinformatics and biomedical engineering
• Careers that require a background in biology

  • Medicine and surgery
  • Fisheries
  • Farming and agriculture
  • Animal husbandry
  • Biotechnology
  • Horticulture
  • Forestry
• The Holy Quran: 'We made every living thing from water (Sura Ambia 21, Ayat-30)'
• The Holy Quran: 'He made man from clay like the potter (Sura Rehman, Ayat 14)'
• Jabir Bin Hayyan introduced experimental investigation in chemistry and wrote books on plants and animals
• Bu Ali Sina was a physician, philosopher, scientist, astronomer and poet, and wrote "The Book of Healing" and "The Canon of Medicine"
• Abdul Malik Asmai is considered the first Muslim scientist who contributed to Zoology, Botany and Animal husbandry, and wrote "Kitab Khalaq-al-Insan"
• Bioelements


  16 of the 92 natural elements that are essential to life
• 6 bioelements (O, C, H, N, Ca and P) make up 99% of the total biomass, while 10 other bioelements (K, S, CI, Na, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and I) collectively make up 1% of the total biomass
• Micromolecules


  Small biomolecules in living things (sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides)
• The levels of organization in biology are bioelements, biomolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and individuals
• Six bioelements that make up 99% of total biomass

  • Oxygen
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Nitrogen
  • Calcium
  • Phosphorus
• Ten bioelements that make up 1% of total biomass

  • Potassium
  • Sulfur
  • Chlorine
  • Sodium
  • Magnesium
  • Iron
  • Copper
  • Manganese
  • Zinc
  • Iodine
• The six commonest bioelements account for 99% of body mass
• Four fundamental types of biological molecules

  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic acids
• Atom


  Smallest unit of an element that still maintains the property of that element
• Molecule


  Atoms combine to form molecules which can have entirely different properties than the atoms they contain
• Cell


  Cells are the smallest unit of life, enclosed by a membrane or cell wall and often perform specific functions
• The chemistry that undergoes in the bodies of human beings is biochemistry
• Inorganic chemistry


  Chemistry of inorganic compounds
• Analytical chemistry


  Chemistry related to analysis of compounds
• An element is a substance whose all the atoms have the same atomic number
• A compound is a pure substance that consists of two or more elements held together in fixed proportions by chemical bonds
• A mixture is an impure substance that contains two or more pure substances that retain their individual chemical characteristics
• A homogeneous mixture consists of only one phase and has uniform composition throughout
• Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
• Mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
• One atomic mass unit (amu) is defined as a mass exactly equal to one-twelfth the mass of one C-12 atom
• Empirical formula


  The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
• For many compounds, empirical and molecular formulas are the same
• Write the empirical formula for caffeine
• Formula mass


  The sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in the formula unit of a substance
• Determining molecular mass


  Multiply atomic masses of elements by their subscripts and add
• Molecular mass is used for molecular compounds, formula mass is used for ionic compounds</b>
• Physics has strong connections with mathematics, so learning physics requires mathematical knowledge
• Physical quantity


  A quantity that can be measured
• Unit


  A standard with which physical quantities are compared
• SI base units


  • Length (metre)
  • Mass (kilogram)
  • Time (second)
  • Electric current (ampere)
  • Temperature (kelvin)
  • Amount of substance (mole)
  • Luminous intensity (candela)
• SI derived units


  • Area (square metre)
  • Volume (cubic metre)
  • Speed/velocity (metre per second)
  • Acceleration (metre per second squared)
  • Density (kilogram per cubic metre)
  • Force (newton)
  • Pressure (pascal)
  • Energy (joule)