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Anatomy and Physiology
Integumentary
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What does integument mean?
covering
Components of integumentary system:
skin
hair
nails
glands
Functions of integumentary system:
Protection
Sensation
Temperature regulation
Excretion
Vitamin D production
Skin weighs
9
lbs
2 Main regions of skin:
epidermis
dermis
Epidermis
- 1st major skin region (outside)
Epidermis
- skin region that is composed of stratified squamous epithelium
Keratinization
: process in which new cells (with keratin) push old cells to surface
In keratinization, it takes
40-56
days for new cells to reach surface
Layers of Epidermis:
Stratum
corneum
Stratum
lucideum
Stratum
granulosum
Stratum
spinosum
Stratum
basale
Stratum corneum
:
outermost layer of epidermis
Stratum corneum accounts for
75
% of epidermal thickness
Stratum corneum
: this layer of epidermis is flaking off scalp called
dandruff
Callus
: forms when stratum corneum has frequent friction
Stratum basale
: deepest layer of epidermis that has single layer and is firmly attached to dermis
Dermis
- 2nd major skin region
Dermis
:
Dense connective tissue
Contains collagen and elastic fibers
Contains fibroblasts, nerve endings, smooth muscle, glands, blood
Cleavage lines
:
area where skin is most resistant to stretching due to orientation of collagen fibers
important in scarring
Layers of Dermis:
Papillary
layer
Reticular
layer
Papillary layer
: thin connective tissue layer that contains blood vessels
Dermal papillae
are the tiny projections on the epidermis that is ridged on hands and feet (fingerprints)
Reticular layer
: deepest layer of dermis and accounts for 80% of dermis
Hypodermis
- the layer of fatty tissue beneath the dermis
Hypodermis
: layer of skin that attaches skin to underlying muscle and bone
Hypodermis contains
loose
and
adipose
tissue
Body fat for females
20-23%
, males
13-25%
Skin Color and Variations is determined by:
pigments
genetics
blood circulation
thickness of stratum corneum
All races have
same
number of melanocytes
Melanin
: produced by
melanocytes
albinism
is absence of melanin
melanin
responsible for hair and eye color
Carotene
:
yellow-orange pigment found in plants
accumulates in
stratum corneum
Hemoglobin
:
gives pinkish-red color
found in
red blood cells
Redness
is a skin color caused by fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergies
Pallor
is a skin color caused by anemia or low blood pressure
Jaundice
is a skin color caused by liver disorder (yellow)
Bronzing
is a skin color caused by Addison’s disease (kidney disease)
Bruising
is a skin color caused by broken blood vessels
Hair
/
shaft
: flexible strands of keratinized cells
Root
: hair component that is below skin (scalp)
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