IT ERA

• Applications of ICT (computers) in our daily lives

  • Arts and Entertainment
  • Business
  • Banking and Finance
  • Booking Vacations
  • Communication
  • Education
  • Government
  • Healthcare
  • Marketing
  • Military
  • Navigation
  • Publishing
  • Retail and Trade
  • Robotics
  • Social and Romance
  • Science
  • Security and Surveillance
  • Transport
  • Weather Forecasting
  • Working From Home
• Military


  • Use for training purposes
  • Used for analysing intelligence data
• Social and Romance


  • Social media enables people to chat in text or audio in real time across large distances
  • Exchange photographs, videos, and memes
• Science


  • Scientist were one of the first groups to adopt computers as a work tool
  • Can be used for research, sharing information with other specialist both locally and internationally, as well as collecting, analysing and storing data
• Publishing


  • Can be used to design pretty much any type of publication
  • Include newsletter, marketing materials, fashion magazines, novels or newspaper
• Booking Vacations


  • Can be used by travellers to study timetables, examine route options, and buy plane, train, or bus tickets
• Security and Surveillance


  • Increasingly being combined with other technologies to monitor people and goods
  • Biometrics
  • Face-recognition scanned
• Arts and Entertainment


  • Can be used to create drawings, graphic designs, and paintings
• Government


  • Improve the quality and efficiency of their services
• Marketing


  • Enable marketing campaigns to be more precise through the analysis and manipulation of data
• Weather Forecasting


  • Is a complex and depends upon a multitude of factors that are constantly changing
• Robotics


  • Is an expanding area of technology which combines computer with science and engineering to produce machines
• Navigation


  • Computer technology has been combined with GPS technology
• Working From Home


  • And other forms of remote working increasingly common
• Business


  • Store and maintain accounts, personal records, manage projects, track inventory, create presentation and reports
• Education


  • Access education information from internet sources
• Banking and Finance


  • Can be use computers to check your account balance, transfer money, or pay off credit cards
• Transport


  • Used to maintain safety and navigation systems, and increasingly to drive, fly or steer
• Healthcare


  • Easier to store and access patient data
• Retail and Trade


  • Can be used to buy and sell products online
• Four stages of information technology development

  • Pre-mechanical
  • Mechanical
  • Electromechanical
  • Electronic
• Generations of computer

  • First Generation (1946 to 1958)
  • Second Generation (1959 to 1964)
  • Third Generation (1965 to 1970)
  • Fourth Generation (1971 to today)
  • Fifth Generation (Today to future)
• Computer


  • Is a programmable machine
  • Is an electronic device that manipulates information or data
• Three principle characteristics of computer

  • It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner
  • It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions
  • It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data
• Difference Engine and Analytical Engine


  • Automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions
  • Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834
  • It is the first mechanical computer
• First computer programmer

  • In 1840 Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system
  • She writes programs for the Analytical Engine
• UNIVAC 1


  • UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1
  • First commercial computer
  • Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
• EDVAC


  • Stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
  • The first stored program computer
  • Designed by Von Neumann in 1952
  • It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data
• Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)


  • It was the first electronic digital computing devise
  • Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at lowa State University between 1939 to 1942
• ENIAC


  • Stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
  • It was the first electronic general-purpose computer
  • Completed in 1946
  • Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
• Harvard Mark 1


  • Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC)
  • Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
  • The first electro-mechanical computer
• Z1


  • The first programmable computer
  • Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938
  • Required insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also
• The first portable computer

  • Osborne 1 - the first portable computer
  • Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation
• The first computer company

  • Was the Electronic Controls Company
  • Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
• Napier's Bones


  • Invented by John Napier in 1614
  • Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards
• Slide Rule


  • Invented by William Oughtred in 1622
  • Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms
  • Used primarily for multiplications, division, roots, logarithms, trigonometry
  • Not normally used for addition or subtraction
• Pascaline


  • Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642
  • It was its limitation to addition and subtraction
  • It is too expensive
• Stepped Reckoner


  • Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672
  • The machine that can add subtract multiply and divide automatically
• Abacus


  • An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations
  • Was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
  • First used in China around 500 B.C.
• Arithmometer


  • A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas De Colmar in 1820
  • The first reliable useful and commercially successful calculating machine
  • The machine could perform the four basic mathematical functions
  • The first mass-produces calculating machine