cells: simplest form of life; all living things are made up of 1 or more cells
need four things to be a cell:
cell membrane made up of a phospholipid bilayer
cytosol/cytoplasm
chromatin (coiled DNA)
ribosomes
Cytosol: liquid inside of cell w/o organelles
cytoplasm: liquid with oragnelles
ribosomes: small structures of RNA and proteins that are involved in protein synthesis
phospholipid bilayer: has polar hydrophilic head and nonpolar hydrophobic tails
cholesterol: found in the nonpolar region and regulates fluidity
proteins: intercellular joining with enzymic activity that transports large polar/nonpolar
carbohydrate: glycoprotein and glycolipid used as an identification target for cell-to-cell recognition (antenna to receive messages)
passive transport: requires no ATP, substance diffuses from high to low concentration (two types)
Simple: small nonpolar molecules travel straight through
Facilitated: transports polar charged and large molecules with the use of a transport protein
osmosis: movement of water through semipermable membrane, facilitated diffusion of H2O with the use of a protein called Aquaporin
Active transport: substances diffuse from low to high concentration, use ATP to change the shape of the protein, and allow molecules through
endocytosis: uses ATP to create new vesicles from the plasma membrane
exocytosis: fuse with membrane to secrete large substances
osmolarity: the concentration of solutes in a solution, measured in osmol per litre
Solute: what is being desolved
Solvent: a substance that dissolves a solute
high osmolarity: saturated, concentrated, lots of stuff
low osmolarity: dilute, less concentrated, pure H2O
tonicity: measure of relative concentration of solute between two solutions
hypertonic: more concentration
hypotonic: less concentation
isotonic: equal concentration
Prokaryotes (bacteria): single cell, no nucleus, one chromosome (circular), has ribosomes and were the first cells (3.5 billion years old)
Eukaryotes (animal, fungi, plants): single or multicellular, have a nucleus, multiple linear chromosomes, many membrane-bound organelles, 1 billion years old, and evolved from prokaryotes
Aerobic cellular respiration
A) ?
B) ?
C) ?
D) ?
Anaerobic respiration
A) ?
B) ?
C) ?
D) ?
Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants and some other organisms use light energy to make their own food