cell structure and function

• cells: simplest form of life; all living things are made up of 1 or more cells
• need four things to be a cell:

  1. cell membrane made up of a phospholipid bilayer
  2. cytosol/cytoplasm
  3. chromatin (coiled DNA)
  4. ribosomes
• Cytosol: liquid inside of cell w/o organelles
• cytoplasm: liquid with oragnelles
• ribosomes: small structures of RNA and proteins that are involved in protein synthesis
• phospholipid bilayer: has polar hydrophilic head and nonpolar hydrophobic tails
• cholesterol: found in the nonpolar region and regulates fluidity
• proteins: intercellular joining with enzymic activity that transports large polar/nonpolar
• carbohydrate: glycoprotein and glycolipid used as an identification target for cell-to-cell recognition (antenna to receive messages)
• passive transport: requires no ATP, substance diffuses from high to low concentration (two types)

  1. Simple: small nonpolar molecules travel straight through
  2. Facilitated: transports polar charged and large molecules with the use of a transport protein
• osmosis: movement of water through semipermable membrane, facilitated diffusion of H2O with the use of a protein called Aquaporin
• Active transport: substances diffuse from low to high concentration, use ATP to change the shape of the protein, and allow molecules through
• endocytosis: uses ATP to create new vesicles from the plasma membrane

  
• exocytosis: fuse with membrane to secrete large substances

  
• osmolarity: the concentration of solutes in a solution, measured in osmol per litre
• Solute: what is being desolved
• Solvent: a substance that dissolves a solute
• high osmolarity: saturated, concentrated, lots of stuff
• low osmolarity: dilute, less concentrated, pure H2O
• tonicity: measure of relative concentration of solute between two solutions
• hypertonic: more concentration
• hypotonic: less concentation
• isotonic: equal concentration
• Prokaryotes (bacteria): single cell, no nucleus, one chromosome (circular), has ribosomes and were the first cells (3.5 billion years old)
• Eukaryotes (animal, fungi, plants): single or multicellular, have a nucleus, multiple linear chromosomes, many membrane-bound organelles, 1 billion years old, and evolved from prokaryotes
• Aerobic cellular respiration

  A) ?

  B) ?

  C) ?

  D) ?

  
• Anaerobic respiration

  A) ?

  B) ?

  C) ?

  D) ?

  
• Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants and some other organisms use light energy to make their own food

  A) ?

  B) ?

  C) ?

  D) ?

  E) ?

  F) ?

  G) ?