Shayi

• Hazard


  An event that will affect the safety and normal operations of human beings regardless of the scale or size of the source, number of persons affected, and place where it will strike
• Coastline


  Also termed as shoreline area
• Debris flow


  The downward movement of mud, sand, rock and water
• Earthquake


  Sudden shaking of the ground
• Earthquake-induced landslide


  Downward movement of rocks, soil and other debris that is caused by strong shaking
• Epicenter


  Central point of an earthquake on the surface of the Earth
• Fault


  A fracture in the Earth's surface where two plates meet
• Focus


  Point beneath the surface of the Earth where an earthquake starts
• Ground rupture


  Deformation of the ground above the fault
• Ground shaking


  Vibration of the ground during an earthquake
• Magnitude

  An important characteristic for analysing hazards since only occurrences exceeding some defined level of magnitude are considered hazardous
• HAZARDS


  Agent that can cause harm to people and environment
• INTENSITY


  The degree of shaking produced by an earthquake at a certain location
• LIQUEFACTION


  Where the soil behaves like a liquid
• MAGNITUDE


  The measurement of energy released by an earthquake
• PLATES


  Also known as tectonic plates, large movable segments of the Earth's lithosphere
• QUICKSAND


  Wet sand wherein heavy objects sink very easily
• RISKS


  Possibility of loss or danger when exposed to hazards
• ROCK FALL


  Downward movement of rock or pieces of rocks
• SATURATED


  Contains too much water or moisture
• SEICHE


  Standing wave in an enclosed or partially-enclosed body of water
• TSUNAMI


  Series of waves caused by an earthquake that originate beneath the ocean
• For analyzing hazards, only occurrences exceeding some defined level of magnitude are considered hazardous
• Elements at risk


  The people, properties, economic activities and services potentially threatened by a hazardous event
• Exposure


  The degree to which the elements at risk are likely to experience hazard events
• Frequency


  The number of times a hazard event happens within a period
• Impact


  The effect a hazard event has on structures or the aftermath of an event
• Lifelines


  Structures that are important for a community to function
• Mitigations


  Measures that help lessen the effect or impact of a hazardous event
• Natural Hazards


  Naturally occurring physical phenomena caused by nature itself
• Technological or manmade hazards


  Events that are caused by humans and occur in or close to human activities
• Earthquake is a natural phenomenon where the surface of the Earth moves or vibrates due to a sudden release of energy from the movement of tectonic plates
• Earthquake hazards


  • Ground shaking
  • Ground or surface rupture
  • Liquefaction
  • Earthquake-induced landslides
• Ground shaking


  The vibration of the ground where an earthquake occurs, usually recorded in terms of intensity
• Ground or surface rupture

  Ground rupture that happens where the fault zone moves, with a variable width zone of fractures and deformation
• Earthquake-induced landslides


  Landslides that refer to a wide range of ground movement such as fall and debris flow, leading to erosion, burial and blockage of roads and rivers
• Liquefaction


  When sand or soil and ground get mixed during an earthquake with a magnitude of 4.5 and higher, making the ground soft and resulting in sinking and/or tilting of structures above it, and sand boils
• Secondary earthquake hazards


  • Tsunami
  • Seiche
  • Flooding
  • Fires
• Locally-generated tsunamis


  Tsunamis caused by earthquakes from nearby trenches
• Far field tsunamis


  Tsunamis generated by earthquakes from sources that are located far from the area of impact