Teaching Science (Midterms)

• Learners' Development Theorists


  • Freud
  • Erikson
  • Piaget
  • Kohlberg
  • Vygotsky
  • Bronfenbrener
• Components of Personality (Freud)

  • Id
  • Ego
  • Superego
• Psychosexual Stages (Freud)


  • Oral Stage
  • Anal Stage
  • Phallic Stage
  • Latency Stage
  • Genital Stage
• Psychosocial Stages (Erikson)


  • Trust vs Mistrust
  • Autonomy vs Shame or Doubt
  • Initiative vs Guilt
  • Industry vs Inferiority
  • Identity vs Role Confusion
  • Intimacy vs Isolation
  • Generativity vs Stagnation
  • Integrity vs Despair
• Stages of Cognitive Development (Piaget)

  • Sensorimotor
  • Preoperational
  • Concrete Operational
  • Formal Operational
• Levels and Stages of Moral Development (Kohlberg)

  • Pre-conventional: Punishment-Obedience Orientation
  • Pre-conventional: Instrumental Relativist Orientation
  • Conventional: Good Boy- Nice Girl Orientation
  • Conventional: Law and Order Orientation
  • Post-conventional: Social Contract Orientation
  • Post-conventional: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
• Socio-Cultural Theory (Vygotsky)


  Social interaction and language are two central factors in cognitive development
• Socio-Cultural Theory (Vygotsky)


  • Scaffolding: Appropriate assistance given by the MKO to assist the learner accomplish a task
  • MKO: More knowledgeable individual – teacher, peers
  • ZPD: Difference between what students can do and what he/she can do with the help of others
• Ecological Systems (Bronfenbrenner)


  • Microsystem
  • Mesosystem
  • Exosystem
  • Macrosystem
  • Chronosystem
• Microsystem


  Layer closest to the child, structures with which the child has direct contact
• Mesosystem


  Provides connection between the structures of the child's microsystem
• Exosystem


  A layer where the child does not function directly, but provides indirect impact on the child's development because of the connection with the family unit
• Macrosystem


  Outermost layer in child's environment
• Chronosystem


  Dimension of time as it relates to the child's environment
• Teacher


  The prime mover of Teaching and learning process
• Teaching can be regarded in three ways

  • Vocation
  • Mission
  • Profession
  • Job
• Vocation


  From the Latin word "vocare" which means "to call"
• "Many are called but only few responded"
• Mission


  Derived from the Latin word "misio" which means "to send"
• Profession


  Teaching as a profession
• Elements of a Profession

  • University/College Degree
  • Board Examination
  • Continuing Professional Development
  • Code of Ethics
• Job


  For the salary/compensation
• Characteristics of a successful teacher

  • Resourcefulness
  • Intelligence
  • Emotional stability
  • Considerateness
  • Buoyancy
  • Objectivity
  • Drive
  • Dominance
  • Attractiveness
  • Refinement
  • Cooperativeness
• Powers of a Teacher in the classroom

  • Expert power
  • Referent power
  • Reward power
  • Coercive power
  • Legitimate power
• Teaching Styles


  • Compulsive
  • Boomer
  • Quiet one
  • Coach
  • Maverick
  • The entertainer
  • Secular
  • Academic
• Classroom Diversity


  A classroom with learners of all abilities and backgrounds
• Aspects of Classroom Diversity

  • Gender
  • Needs
  • Strengths
  • Interests
  • Talents
  • Race
  • Religion
  • Culture
  • Experiences
  • Learning Styles
  • Multiple Intelligences
• Learning Styles


  • Visual
  • Auditory
  • Kinesthetic
• Multiple Intelligences


  • Spatial
  • Logical-Mathematical
  • Musical
  • Interpersonal
  • Naturalist
  • Intrapersonal
  • Verbal-Linguistic
  • Body-Kinesthetic
  • Existentialist
• Id


  Pleasure principle, immediate gratification, sexual urges (libido), aggressive urges (Thanatos)
• Ego


  Reality centered, delay gratification till appropriate, Decision-maker personality
• Superego


  Sense of morality, Tells us the things we should and shouldn't do, or the duties and obligations of society
• Stages of Psychosexual Development

  • Oral Stage
  • Anal Stage
  • Phallic Stage
  • Latency Stage
  • Genital Stage
• Oral Stage


  Birth to 18 months, Pleasure area: mouth, Oral fixations: Oral receptive, Oral aggressive
• Anal Stage


  18 months to 3 years, Pleasure area: anus, Anal fixations: Anal retentive, Anal expulsive
• Phallic Stage


  1. 6 years, Pleasure area: genitals, Sexual desires: Oedipus Complex, Electra Complex
• Latency Stage


  6 to puberty, Pleasure area: none, Focus on play and studies, Boys relate with boys, Girls relate with girls
• Genital Stage


  Puberty onwards, Pleasure area: genitals, Adolescents focus their sexual urges towards the opposite sex
• Epigenetic Principle


  Predetermined unfolding/Like unfolding of a rose bud
• Psychological Crisis


  Two opposing emotional forces