spritual self

• Philippians 4:6-7: 'DO NOT BE ANXIOUS ABOUT ANYTHING, BUT IN EVERY SITUATION, PRAYER AND PETITION. WITH THANKSGIVING, PRESENT YOUR REQUESTS TO GOD. AND THE PEACE OF GOD, WHICH TRANSCENDS ALL UNDERSTANDING, WILL GUARD YOUR HEARTS AND YOUR MINDS IN CHRIST JESUS.'
• Spiritual self


  Who we are at our core, more permanent than the material and social self
• Spirit


  Breath of life, disposition, supernatural power from God
• Soul


  Human life, will, mind, seat of emotion, conscience
• Terms for soul in different Filipino languages

  • Kaluluwa (Tagalog)
  • Kararwa (Ilocano)
  • Kadkadduwa (Ilocano)
  • Gimokud (Bagobo)
  • Makatu (Bukidnon)
  • Dungan (Ilonggo, Cebuano)
  • Kalag (Ilonggo, Cebuano)
  • Kaluha (Cebuano)
  • Karadwa (Mindoro)
  • Abi-abiik (Kankanay)
  • Ikararua (Ibanag)
• Belief


  Sets the foundation for one's actions, unlimited, no boundaries
• Practice


  Action which manifests one's belief, limited by laws and rules
• Religious beliefs in the Philippines

  • Christians - Man created in God's image
  • Buddhism/Hinduism - Goal is Nirvana, no personal God
  • Muslim - Surrender and submit to Allah
  • Protestantism - Salvation through Jesus
  • Indigenous - Animism, inanimate objects worshipped
• Religious practices


  • Considered sacred by practitioners
  • Can incorporate different religious practices
• Magic


  Method to interface with the supernatural and bring about particular outcomes, gives sense of control
• When magic doesn't work

  Rationalized as doing procedures wrong, not because magic didn't work
• Witchcraft


  When someone wills evil in another, often associated with the devil
• One person can practice religion, magic and witchcraft at the same time
• Will to meaning


  Main motivation for why people continue to live, seeing meaning in life
• Ways to discover meaning in life

  • Creative values - creating a work or doing a deed
  • Experiential values - experiencing something positive
  • Attitudinal values - attitude toward unavoidable suffering
• Body relationship with physical world, Soul with spiritual world
• spirit in hebrew is ruach or pneuma that means breath or breath of life
• Soul in hebrew is throat or neck means human life
• Main benefit of rituals: SOSIS 1. Promotion of cooperation 2. Signifies commitment 3. Gives assurance
• ritual called manganggakao is performed to invite the soul to return to the body.
• Jocano refers to the soul of the living person as his kakambal which is thought of as the “malay’ or tiny voice’
• dungan (not normally seen by the human eye for the llonggos and Cebuanos sometimes comes out of the body and takes on a visible form such as that of an insect like a houseflv or even a lizard.
• Two things are considered in the evaluation of one's spiritual self: Belief and Practice • Belief- sets the foundation for one's actions. - Unlimited, no boundaries. •Practice- action which manifests one's belief. - Limited by the laws and rules
• Alicia Magos (1986) also indicates that another cause of the withdrawal of the soul from the body is when the body is badly maltreated. Magos says that the Visayan dungan has a secondary meaning of 'willpower' A strong dungan is the intellectual and psychological capacity to dominate or persuade others to one's way of thinking.
• Jocano refers to the soul of the living person as his kakambal which is thought of as the “malay’ or tiny voice’
• The Filipino concept of the soul is not limited to the physical body but extends beyond it. The soul can be found in various forms and places. It may take on different shapes depending on its location and purpose.
• The Filipino believes that there is life beyond death. The spirit lives on after the physical body dies. This belief is manifested through various practices and beliefs.