STAS (LESSON 4)

• Scientific researchers have developed new technological tools that greatly improve different aspects of our lives
• Nanoscale


  About 1 to 100 nanometers
• Nanoscience and nanotechnology employs the study and application of exceptionally small things in other areas of science including materials science, engineering, physics, biology, and chemistry
• Physicist Richard Feynman discussed a method in which scientists can direct and control individual atoms and molecules in his talk "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom"


  December 29, 1959
• Nanotechnology


  The science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale
• The term "nanotechnology" was coined by Professor Norio Taniguchi


  A decade after the dawn of the use of ultraprecision machining
• Nanometer


  A billionth of a meter, or 10 ^ - 9 of a meter
• Nanomaterials


  • They may be particles, tubes, wires, films, flakes, or shells that have one or more nanometer-sized dimensions
  • They need an adept understanding of their types and dimensions
• Viewing nanomaterials


  1. Use electron microscopes

  2. Use scanning tunneling microscope

  3. Use atomic force microscope
• Electron microscope


  Utilizes a particle beam of electrons to light up a specimen and develop a well-magnified image
• Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM)


  The two general types of electron microscope
• Atomic force microscope (AFM)


  Makes use of a mechanical probe that gathers information from the surface of a material
• Scanning tunneling microscope


  Enables scientists to view and manipulate nanoscale particles, atoms, and small molecules
• Nanomanufacturing


  Scaled-up, reliable, and cost-effective manufacturing of nanoscale materials, structures, devices, and systems
• Bottom-up fabrication


  Manufactures products by building them up from atomic and molecular-scale components
• Top-down fabrication


  Trims down large pieces of materials into nanoscale
• New approaches to the assembly of nanomaterials

  • Dip pen lithography
  • Self-assembly
  • Chemical vapor deposition
  • Nanoimprint lithography
  • Molecular beam epitaxy
  • Roll-to-roll processing
  • Atomic layer epitaxy
• Nanomaterials are made more durable, stronger, lighter, water-repellent, ultraviolet- or infrared- resistant, scratch-resistant, electrically conductive, antireflective, antifog, antimicrobial, self-cleaning, among others
• Nanotechnology has the potential to construct high-efficiency, low-cost batteries and solar cells
• Distinct features of nanoscale


  • Scale at which much biology occurs
  • Scale at which quantum effects dominate properties of materials
  • Nanoscale materials have far larger surface areas than similar masses of larger-scale materials
• Government Funding for Nanotechnology in Different Countries

  • U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative
  • European Commission
  • Japan
  • Taiwan
  • India
  • China
  • Israel
  • Australia
  • Canada
  • South Korea
  • Thailand
  • Malaysia
• Possible Applications of Nanotechnology in the Philippines

  • ICT and semiconductors
  • Health and medicine
  • Energy
  • Food and agriculture
  • Environment
• Nanotech Roadmap for the Philippines

  • ICT and semiconductors
  • Health and biomedical
  • Energy
  • Environment
  • Agriculture and food
  • Health and environmental risk
  • Nano-metrology
  • Education and public awareness
• Benefits and Concerns of Using Nanotechnology

  • Nanotechnology is not a single technology; it may become pervasive
  • Nanotechnology seeks to develop new materials with specific properties
  • Nanotechnology may introduce new efficiencies and paradigms which may make some natural resources and current practices uncompetitive or obsolete
  • It may be complicated to detect its presence unless one has the specialist tools of nanotechnology
• Nanotechnology is an advanced interdisciplinary field that encompasses science and technology that manufactures materials of great help to the improvement of various areas of society especially health care, environment, energy, food, water, and agriculture
• Nanotechnology needs to be explored, not only by known experts but also neophytes, in order to advance our knowledge of science and technology, and more importantly, to help improve our quality of life
• Before we engage in nanotechnology, we need to take into account the social, ethical, and environmental concerns of using such nanomaterials