CAPSTONE|Q4

• Data


  The information you collect, study, or process, whether they are from field studies or laboratory experiments
• Types of data


  • Qualitative data (descriptive and unstructured)
  • Quantitative data (measurable and analyzed using statistical tools)
• Standard methods of collecting data

  • Observation
  • Experiment
  • Survey
• Observational data


  • The researcher observes and measures the characteristics of the subjects without applying any treatment
  • Observation takes place in an uncontrolled setting and gives a more realistic report of what is happening
  • Observational data shows a correlational perspective between the test subject and its surroundings
• Types of observation


  • Participant observation
  • Non-participant observation
  • Naturalistic observation
  • Simulation
• Experimental data


  • Collected from the experimental study that involves taking measurements in a controlled setting
  • Provide a causal relationship - if an object is given a certain treatment, then it will have a certain effect
• Independent variable


  The variable that is manipulated by the researcher
• Dependent variable


  The variable likely to change in response to the independent variable
• Controlled variables


  The variables that stay constant all throughout the experiment
• Randomized controlled experiment


  • Example of experimental design
• Surveys


  Used to gather information, may come in different forms and use instruments like questionnaires and interviews
• Data analysis methods


  • Descriptive statistics
  • Inferential statistics

  
• Descriptive statistics


  Gives information that describe the data for the entire group, summarizes or displays facts that are already known
• Inferential statistics


  Compares groups, tests hypotheses, and makes predictions about a population, gathers a sample that is randomly selected
• Data levels of measurement

  • Nominal
  • Ordinal
  • Interval
  • Ratio
• Data are subjected to statistical treatment to interpret results and generate a conclusion
• Spreadsheet programs and statistical software are used to perform calculations, analyses, and display results
• Tips for interpreting results


  • Ensure analysis is correct
  • Ensure methods are correctly executed
  • Do not ignore limitations of methods
  • Discuss with mentor or advisor
• Summary


  A condensed form of the results/findings of a study
• Conclusion


  Addresses the value or implication of the study, related to the introduction and answers the statement of the problem
• Recommendation


  Contains the future directions of the study or proposes new concepts for further study, based on the conclusion
• Guidelines for writing summary of findings

  • Brief statement of purpose, population, method, instrument, and sampling
  • Specific questions answered by findings
  • Textual generalizations summarizing important data
  • Highlight only important findings
  • No new data introduced
• Guidelines for writing conclusions

  • Based on findings
  • Answer specific questions raised
  • Point out facts learned
  • Concise and brief
  • Refer only to population, area, or subject
  • No repetition
• Strategies for effective conclusions

  • Intertwined with introduction
  • Inferences and generalizations based on findings
  • Answer questions posed in statement of problem
  • Contain facts or actual results
• Guidelines for writing recommendations

  • Aim to solve or help solve problems
  • Relevant to study
  • Feasible, practical, and attainable
  • Logical and valid
  • Address to persons/entities able to implement
  • Recommend further research
• Tips for oral presentations

  • Know preliminary details
  • Take notes and practice
  • Master slides and understand study
  • Anticipate questions
• Criteria for oral presentation scoring

  • Composition and clarity of population
  • Delivery of presentation
  • Logical sequence of ideas
  • Mastery of subject matter
  • Visuals used
• Tips during oral presentation

  • Dress appropriately
  • Breathe deeply and compose
  • Present only necessary slides
  • Hold head up, make eye contact
  • Speak slowly, clearly, and audibly
  • Make it interesting
  • Connect with audience
  • Summarize and simplify
• Tips after oral presentation

  • Answer questions briefly
  • Be honest
  • Avoid arguing, persuade through facts