Water

• Water


  A compound that consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom attached together by two sigma bonds and with two lone pairs of electrons around the oxygen atom
• Water makes up 60-75% of human body weight
• A loss of just 4% of total body water leads to dehydration, and a loss of 15% can be fatal
• A person could survive a month without food but wouldn't survive 3 days without water
• Unique properties of water

  • Water is polar
  • Water is an excellent solvent
  • Water has high heat capacity (4.184 J)
  • Water has a high heat of vaporization
  • Water has cohesive and adhesive properties
  • Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid
• Organic food


  Food products that are produced, prepared, and processed without the use of any chemicals
• Unlike organic standards, there is no specific definition for "local food"
• Minerals


  Elements on the earth and in foods that our bodies need to develop and function normally

  
• Essential minerals


  • Calcium
  • Phosphorus
  • Potassium
  • Sodium
  • Chloride
  • Magnesium
  • Iron
  • Zinc
  • Iodine
  • Chromium
  • Copper
  • Fluoride
  • Molybdenum
  • Manganese
  • Selenium
• Macrominerals


  Minerals present at larger levels in the animal body or required in larger amounts in the diet
• Macrominerals


  • Calcium
  • Chlorine
  • Magnesium
  • Phosphorus
  • Potassium
  • Sodium
  • Sulfur
• Microminerals


  Minerals present at low levels in the body or required in smaller amounts in the animals diet
• Microminerals


  • Chromium
  • Cobalt
  • Copper
  • Fluorine
  • Iodine
  • Iron
  • Manganese
  • Molybdenum
  • Selenium
  • Zinc
• Minerals are important for your body to stay healthy. Your body uses minerals for many different jobs, including keeping your bones, muscles, heart, and brain working properly. Minerals are also important for making enzymes and hormones.

  
• Nutritional deficiency


  When the body doesn't absorb or get from food the necessary amount of a nutrient
• Nutritional deficiencies can lead to a variety of health problems including digestion problems, skin disorders, stunted or defective bone growth, and even dementia
• Iron deficiency


  The most widespread nutritional deficiency worldwide, can lead to anemia
• Calcium deficiency


  Can lead to bone loss, convulsions, and abnormal heart rhythms
• The main causes of nutritional deficiencies include a poor diet that lacks essential nutrients, a disease or medication that impairs absorption, or both
• Minerals


  • Sodium
  • Chloride
  • Calcium
  • Phosphorus
  • Magnesium
  • Sulfur
  • Zinc
  • Iodine
  • Selenium
  • Copper
  • Manganese
  • Fluoride
  • Chromium
• Macrominerals

  Minerals needed in larger amounts by the body
• Sodium

  • Needed for proper fluid balance, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction
  • Found in table salt, soy sauce, processed foods, milk, meats, breads, and vegetables
• Chloride


  • Needed for proper fluid balance and stomach acid
  • Found in table salt, soy sauce, processed foods, milk, meats, breads, and vegetables
• Calcium


  • Important for healthy bones and teeth
  • Found in milk and milk products, canned fish, fortified tofu and soy milk, leafy greens
• Phosphorus


  • Important for healthy bones and teeth, part of the system that maintains acid-base balance
  • Found in meats, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, processed foods
• Magnesium


  • Needed for protein, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, immune system health
  • Found in nuts, seeds, legumes, leafy greens, whole grains, chocolate
• Sulfur


  • Found in protein molecules
  • Occurs in meats, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, legumes, nuts
• Trace minerals


  • The body needs these in very small amounts
  • Examples: zinc, iodine, selenium, copper, manganese, fluoride, chromium
• Zinc


  • Part of many enzymes, needed for making protein and genetic material has function of sperm production, taste perception, wound healing, immune system healthFound in organ meats, shellfish, legumes, grains, vegetables
  • Found in organ meats, shellfish, legumes, grains, vegetables
• Iodine


  • Part of thyroid hormone, helps regulate growth, development, and metabolism
  • Found in seafood, iodized salt, bread, dairy
• Selenium


  • Antioxidant
  • Found in meats, seafood, grains
• Copper


  • Part of many enzymes, needed for iron metabolism
  • Found in legumes, nuts, seeds, whole grains, organ meats, drinking water
• Manganese


  • Part of many enzymes
  • Widespread in foods, especially plant foods
• Fluoride


  • Involved in formation of bones and teeth, helps prevent tooth decay
  • Found in drinking water, fish, teas
• Chromium


  • Works closely with insulin to regulate blood sugar levels
  • Found in unrefined foods, especially liver, brewer's yeast, whole grains, nuts, cheeses