Legal Ethical and societal Issues in media and Information

• INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY - refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce
• TYPES OF INTELECTUAL PROPERTY: copyright, patent, trademarks, industrial design, and geographical origin.
• COPYRIGHT • a legal term used to describe the rights that

  creators have over their literary and artistic works

  • books, music, paintings, sculpture and films, to computer programs, databases, advertisements, maps and technical drawings
• PATENT -

  • an exclusive right granted for an invention.

  • provides the patent owner with the right to decide how - or whether - the invention can be used by others.
• TRADEMARKS • a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises.
• INDUSTRIAL DESIGN -

  • constitutes the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an article.

  • may consist of three-dimensional features, such as the shape or surface of an article, or of two-dimensional features, such as patterns, lines or color
• GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS AND APPELLATIONS OF ORIGIN -

  • signs used on goods that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities, a reputation or characteristics that are essentially attributable to that place of origin

  • most commonly includes the name of the place of origin of the goods.
• FAIR USE - Fair use means you can use copyrighted material without a license only for certain purposes. These include:

  • Commentary

  • Criticism

  • Reporting

  • Research

  • Teaching FAIR USE

  Guidelines for Fair Use

   A majority of the content you create

  must be your own.

  • Give credit to the copyright holder.

  • Don't make money off of the

  copyrighted work.
• Creative Commons


  An American non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share
• Creative Commons licenses


  • Attribution
  • Non-Commercial
  • No Derivative Works
  • Share Alike
• ATTRIBUTION


  • You must credit the creator
• NON-COMMERCIAL


  • You can't make a profit
• NO DERIVATIVE WORKS


  • You can't change the content
• SHARE ALIKE


  • You can change the content, but you have to let other people use your new work with the same license as the original
• NETIQUETTE - denotes the proper attitude that one should observe when communicating online
• INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY -

  • pertains to the output of a person’s intellectual pursuit such as literary,

  artistic works, inventions, logos, symbols and signs, as well as names and

  images used for commercial purpose or advertisements.
• COPYRIGHT -

  • a legal device that gives a creator the sole right to publish and sell a work

  • creator may grant or sell the rights to others

  • a copyrighted material is protected by the law and cannot just be used and reproduced without permission

  • violation of a copyright is called infringement.
• MYTHS VS. FACTS ON INTERNET COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT -

  MYTH: Once a work is posted “online”, it loses copyright protection.

  FACT: You cannot use, copy or post someone else’s photos, images, songs or articles without their permission. The person who created them owns these ‘works’ and they have copyright protection form the moment the ‘works’ were created and they lose this ownership protection according to their national laws (usually 50 or 70 years after their death).
• FAIR USE -

  •refers to the copying of the copyrighted material, with the purpose of using it for a review, commentary, critic or parody, without the need to ask permission from the copyright owner.
• PARODY -

  • A work which ridicules another in a funny, inoffensive, and nonderegatory manner.
• INSTANCES WHICH EXEMPT COPYRIGHT PERMISSION REQUEST:

  • Taking a screenshot photo from a famous movie and turning it into a meme.

  • Citing a few lines from a song of a famous singer as an introduction to a book review.

  • Material is used for non-profit educational purpose.

  • The material has been transformed completely from the original.

  • The material was used for different purpose and audience.
• PATENT • pertains to an exclusive rightgranted to an invention

  • protects the owner from other people who deliberately or unintentionally copy his/her invention
• TRADEMARK •refers to a specific sign associated with a particular brand of goods and services.

  • used by companies to distinguish their products from other available and similar products in the market.
• TRADE SECRET • a secret device or technique used by a company in manufacturing its product
• INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PH REPUBLIC ACT. 8293 -

  An act prescribing the intellectual property code and establishing the intellectual property office, providing for its powers and functions, and for other purposes
• CYBERCRIME PREVENTION ACT OF 2012 REPUBLIC ACT. 10175 -

  An act defining cybercrime, providing for the prevention, investigation, suppression and the imposition of penalties therefore and for other purposes
• PLAGIARISM

  • a form of fraud where an individual uses other people’s work (mostly written and printed) without proper citation.

  • a form of stealing where the person involved did not acknowledge the original owner of the work and claimed the material as his own
• HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM:

  • Cite sources.

  • Prepare a reference list.

  •Use quotations.

  • Summarize or paraphrase.
• DIGITAL DIVIDE

  • refers to the economic, educational, and social inequalities

  • pertains to the gap on the kind of information which can be accessed and the available form of communication that is allowed to be distributed
• VIRTUAL SELF

  • pertains to one’s representation in the virtual world, which exits online and is only available once a person is connected to the Internet.
• AVATAR - can pertain to something which is associated with nonvisual ideas
• EMOJI - “moji” in Nihonggo which means “character”.
• DANGERS OF THE INTERNET: Internet and Computer Addiction - a condition in which a person seems to have lost control over an action or behavior. Vulnerability to Online Crimes -

  ● Cyberbullying – act of name-calling and spreading nasty remarks about someone then posts it online

  ● Overexposure to violence and pornography