READING AND WRITING

• Organization


  The rhetorical ability to draw attention to all the parts of a composite text
• Language Use


  Use of the writing system or code of the language
• Coherence


  There is a smooth flow of meaning and continuity of thoughts within a sentence
• Cohesion


  Sticking together of all the ideas and thoughts in sentences
• Collocation


  Words are associated with phrases
• Repetition


  Words or phrases are directly repeated, or synonyms are used
• Substitution


  One linguistic term is replaced by a shorter one
• Auxiliary Verb


  Replacement for verb phrase
• Ellipsis


  A part of a sentence is left out
• Referencing


  Pronouns are used to make references
• Formal writing chooses the more formal one-word verb over the two-word equivalent
• Formal writing does not use abbreviated or contracted forms
• Formal writing avoids idioms and colloquial words
• Impersonal writing does not address the readers directly by using "you"
• Impersonal writing avoids asking rhetorical questions
• Structured writing chooses passive construction to focus on the action
• Structured writing uses noun forms instead of verbs
• Hedged writing uses cautious language (probably, possibly, the probability of, indicates that, might, can, tend) that enhances your credibility as an academic writer