Lipids

• Lipids - insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (such as methanol, ethanol)
• Lipids function as food and energy storage
• Uses of Lipids

  • emollients
  • vehicle for injections (IM)
  • laxative and cathartic
  • soap production - saponifying activity
  • caloric value
• These are solvents for Intramuscular Injection:

  1. cork oil
  2. cottonseed oil
  3. peanut oil
  4. sesame oil
• fixed oils - esters of fatty acid + glycerol, unsaturated FA
• fats - ester of fatty acid + glycerol, saturated FA
• waxes - esters of fatty acids + high MW monohydric alcohol
• Origin:

  • fixed oils - plants
  • fats - animals
  • waxes - plants and animals
• • fixed oils are liquid except for Theobroma
  • fats are solid except for cod liver oil
  • waxes are liquid except for jojoba oil
• USP TESTS:

  • acid value
  • ester value
  • saponification value or Koettsdorfer number
• Acid value - mg of KOH needed to neutralize free fatty acid in 1g of sample
• Ester value - mg of KOH needed to saponify esters in 1g of sample
• Acid Value + Ester Value = Saponification Value/Koettsdorfer number
• Types of Oil:

  • non-drying - olive oil
  • semi-drying - cottonseed oil
  • drying - linseed oil
• Drying oil has an iodine value of >120
• Semi-drying has an iodine value of 100-120
• Reaction of Lipids:

  • Hydrogenation - found in shortening and cooking fat
  • Sulfation - sulfates adds to double bond
• Sulfation - reaction with H2SO4
• Hydrogenation - liquid oil to semi-solid fat
• Types of Fatty Acids:

  • Saturated
  • Unsaturated
• Saturated Fatty Acids:

  1. caproic - 6
  2. caprylic - 8
  3. capric - 10
  4. lauric - 12
  5. myristic - 14
  6. palmitic - 16
  7. stearic - 18
  8. arachidic - 20
• Unsaturated Fatty Acids:

  1. Undecylenic
  2. Palmitoleic
  3. Oleic
  4. Linoleic
  5. Linolenic
  6. Arachidonic
  7. Eicosapentanoic Acid - EPA
  8. Docosapentanoic Acid - DPA
  9. Docohexanoic Acid - DHA
• Undecylenic Acid - contains 11 carbons with 1 double bond in carbon 10
• Palmitoleic Acid - 16:1;9
• Oleic Acid - 18:1;9
• Linoleic Acid - 18:2;9,12
• Linolenic Acid - 18:3;9,12,15
• Arachidonic Acid - 20:4;5,8,11,14
• DHA, DPA, and EPA are from fish oil used in infant formulas that has brain enhancing activity (omega 3)
• Fixed Oils:

  1. Seed Oils
  2. Pericarp Oils
• Fixed Oils: Seed Oils

  1. Cottonseed Oil
  2. Sesame Oil
  3. Coconut Oil
  4. Castor Oil
  5. Peanut Oil
  6. Soybean Oil
  7. Corn Oil
  8. Almond Oil
  9. Persic Oil
  10. Safflower Oil
  11. Sunflower Oil
  12. Palm Kernel Oil
  13. Rapeseed OIl
  14. Linseen Oil/Flaxseed Oil
  15. Ethiodized Oil Injection
• Fixed Oils: Pericarp Oils

  1. Olive Oil
  2. Palm Oil
• Gossipol


  Cottonseed Oil
• used in manufacture of potato chips


  Cottonseed oil
• test: Halphen/Bevan test


  Cottonseed Oil
• also known as teel oil, benne oil, gingelly oil


  Sesame Oil
• sesamol


  sesame oil
• Sesame oil - rich in oleic and linoleic acid
• test: Bandouin Test


  Sesame Oil
• Coconut oil contains saturated fatty acid (e.g. lauric and myristic acid)