NMPHHN

• Drugs


  Substances used as medications or in the preparation of medicine
• Drugs


  • Classified by chemical structure, how they work, or the way they are used to treat a health condition
• Two General Classifications of Drugs

  • Prescription (RX Only)
  • Over-the-Counter Drugs (OTC Drugs)
• Prescription drugs


  • Available with a valid prescription from a prescriber
  • Heavily regulated & require a visit to a prescriber, a diagnosis and monitoring by a prescriber
  • Intended for use by one individual patient to treat a specific condition
• Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs


  • Available for purchase without prescription and can be purchased right off the shelves at a store
  • Not intended for a specific person
  • Monitored by the FDA
  • Have FDA-approved labelling and FDA-specific dosage to the market
  • Some could cause drug interactions with prescription medications or cause more adverse effects
• Four Purposes of Medication


  • TO CURE AN ILLNESS OR CONDITION
  • TO TREAT A DISEASE
  • FOR SYMPTOM RELIEF
  • TO PREVENT DISEASE
• Routes of drug administration

  • Buccal (inside the cheek)
  • Enteral (directly into stomach/intestine)
  • Inhalable (breathed in a tube/mask)
  • Infused (into a vein with an IV line and slowly dripped over time)
  • Intramuscular (injected into muscle with a syringe)
  • Intrathecal (injected into the spine)
  • Intravenous (injected into a vein or IV line)
  • Nasal (nose by spray/pump)
  • Ophthalmic (eye by drops, gel, or ointment)
  • Oral (swallowed by mouth as tablet, capsule, lozenge or liquid)
  • Otic (drops into the ear)
  • Rectal (inserted into the rectum)
  • Subcutaneous (just under the skin)
  • Sublingual (held under the tongue)
  • Topical (applied to the skin)
  • Transdermal (given through a patch placed on the skin)
• Medication error


  Preventable error that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use and may lead to patient harm
• Right Medication


  1. Ensuring Accuracy in Medication Selection

  2. Verifying that the medication being administered is indeed the correct one

  3. Preventing errors caused by look-alike and sound-alike medication names

  4. These similarities can lead to administering the

  wrong medication.
• Right Patient


  1. Confirming the Recipient

  2. Verifying patient identity through 3 positive patient identifiers: name, date of birth, medical record number
• Right Dose


  1. Accurate Dosage Delivery

  2. Checking the medication administration sheet and/or the prescription to ensure the correct dosage is administered

  3. Paying attention to differences between adult and pediatric doses

  4. Being meticulous in measuring and calculating dosages to prevent under or over-administration
• Right Route


  1. Administering via the Correct Route

  2. Confirming the correct route of administration to prevent potentially harmful effects and ensure optimal drug absorption
• Right Time & Frequency


  1. Timing is Key

  2. Adhering to the prescribed schedule to maintain consistent therapeutic levels of the medication

  3. Checking when the medication should be given and ensuring it aligns with the patient's last dose to help prevent missed or extra doses

  4. Considering if it is a 'time sensitive' medication that needs to be given at a certain time
• Right Response


  
  

  1. Ensuring intended outcome

  2. Observing the patient's progress and any additional actions taken
• Right Documentation


  1. Accurate Record-Keeping

  2. Recording the administration time, dose, route, and any other relevant information on the medication chart or electronic health record
• Right to Refuse


  1. Patient Autonomy

  2. Patients have the right to be informed about their medications and their potential effects, and to refuse medication after a thorough discussion
• Right Information & Education


  1. Empowering Patients

  2. Providing patients with clear and concise information about the medication they are taking (expected therapeutic effects, potential side effects, and any specific instructions for administration or monitoring)
• Right Reason


  1. Understanding the Patient
  2. Ensuring the medication is being dispensed for its intended purpose
• Importance of 10 Rights

  • Form the cornerstone of safe and effective medicine delivery in health and social care settings
  • Medications are administered accurately, patients are well-informed, and potential risks are minimized
  • Health and social care professionals contribute to a culture of patient safety and quality care, reducing the likelihood of medication errors and promoting positive health outcomes
• Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines


  1. Medications that can be purchased without a prescription from a doctor or any other RMP
  2. These medicines are readily accessible in local pharmacies, convenience stores, and even sari-sari stores.
  3. OTC medicine have become a go-to remedy for countless people, providing quick relief
  4. affordable prices and widespread availability
• Paracetamol

  • Relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce fever.
  • for headaches, toothaches, menstrual cramps, and fever.
  • Can be consumed on an empty stomach
  • Taken by pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, children, and the elderly.
  • Biogesic, Tempra, Calpol
• Ibuprofen


  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
  • They are used to relieve mild to moderate pain
  • They help to relieve symptoms of arthritis, such as inflammation, swelling, stiffness, and joint pain
  • They are also used for headaches, toothaches, menstrual cramps, and muscle pain
  • They are sometimes used to reduce fever
• Loperamide


  • Antidiarrheal medicines slow down the movement of the intestines
  • They help reduce diarrhea or irritable bowel syndrome
  • They are used for recurring or longer lasting diarrhea from bowel conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
  • Imodium, Diatabs, Lomotil
• Mebendazole


  • Anthelmintic are used for parasitic worms infections such as ascariasis, pinworm infection, hookworm infections, guinea worm infections, hydatid disease, and giardia
  • They work by stopping the parasitic worms from using sugar (glucose) to survive in the body
  • Combantrin, Antiox
• Cetirizine 


  • Antihistamine medicine help relieve allergy symptoms like itching, sneezing, and runny nose
  • They are also sometimes used to relieve symptoms of hives
  • Virlix, Allerkid, Alnix
• Salbutamol


  • relieve asthma symptoms, including wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath
  • They work by relaxing the muscles of the airways into the lungs, making it easier to breathe
  • Ventolin, Hivent
• Antacid 


  • They neutralize stomach acid, helping to relieve symptoms of heartburn, indigestion, and stomach upset
  • They can also be used to treat constipation and diarrhea
  • They come as a liquid or chewable tablets
  • Maalox, Tums, Gaviscon
• Multivitamins


  Combination of many different vitamins normally

  found in food and other natural sources taken to

  to support overall health

  • Enervon, Centrum, Neurogen
• While these medications are available over-the-counter, it is still recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before taking any medication, especially if you have a pre-existing medical condition or are taking other medications
• Calculating Dosage

  1. UNIVERSAL FORMULA: Dose = [Desired Amount (D)/ Amount on hand (H)] x Quantity (Q)

  > (D/H) x Q

  
  

  D= Desired Dosage

  H= Stock Strength

  Q= Stock Volume

  
  

  2. TABLET DOSAGES: (D/H)

  
  

  3. MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS: (D/H) x Q
• Ac


  Means "before meals"
• Pc


  Means "after meals"
• Cf


  Means "with food"
• Hs


  Means "at bed time"
• Po


  Means "by mouth"
• Prn


  Means "as needed"
• Stat


  Means "immediately"
• Tab


  Means "tablet"
• Cap, caps


  Means "capsule"
• Od


  Means "once a day"