research

• Research has made all these new discoveries and inventions a key to progress
• The people realized that the forces of our natural world are not unpredictable, but orderly. That certain cause and effect relationship could be foreseen, or anticipated with reasonable accuracy
• Research is very essential and imperative in

  • Government
  • Education
  • Trade and industry
  • Engineering
  • Medical field
  • All subjects of disciplines, or specialties, such as mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, geology, biology, space exploration
• The primary goal of research is to enable man have better life, man continuously search for ways to make his life fuller and richer
• Experiential reality


  The things that we know from direct experience
• Agreement reality


  The things we consider real because we've been told they are real
• Research


  The systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase our understanding of the phenomenon under study
• Researcher


  The function of the researcher is to contribute to the understanding of the phenomenon and to communicate that understanding to others
• Major Types of Research (Based on its Goal)

  • Pure, or Basic research
  • Applied research
  • Action Research
• Pure, or Basic research


  For curiosity; gathering knowledge for knowledge sake; it is done for the development of theories and principles
• Applied research


  For practical goals; seeks to improve the human condition by discovering something that can be put to practical use; the application of the result of pure research; and, testing the efficiency of the theories and principles
• Action Research


  The firing line of On-the-Job type problems used by teachers, supervisors, administrators and managers to improve the quality of their decision-making and actions using the scientific method without reference to whether their findings would be applicable beyond the group studied, or not
• Major Types of Research (Based on its Statistical Content)


  • Quantitative, or Statistical research
  • Non-Quantitative research
• Quantitative, or Statistical research

  One in which inferential statistics, such as correlation, chi-square and analysis of variance are utilized to test the hypothesis /determine the results of the study. This type of research usually includes comparison studies, and the cause and effect relationship
• Non-Quantitative research


  Includes alternative research such as anthropological, ethnological, historical, and psychological studies. Descriptive data are gathered rather than quantitative data
• Research consists of the following

  • Frame the initial question, or problem
  • Determine what previous research says about the question, or problem
  • Frame a research question, problem, hypothesis
  • Design a plan for collecting, or obtaining a data to address the question, problem, hypothesis
  • Analyze the results of the gathered data
  • Generate conclusions
• Fundamental goals of research

  • To satisfy man's craving for more understanding
  • To improve the judgment
  • To add to his power
  • To reduce the burden of work
  • To relieve suffering
  • To increase satisfactions in multifarious ways
• Characteristics of a Good Research

  • Research is systematic
  • Research is controlled
  • Research is empirical
  • Research is analytical
  • Research is objective, unbiased and logical
  • Research employs hypothesis
  • Research employs qualitative, or statistical methods
  • Research is original work
  • Research is done by an expert
  • Research is patient and unhurried activity
  • Research requires an effort-making capacity
  • Research requires courage
• What you can do with Research

  • Categorize
  • Describe
  • Explain
  • Evaluate
  • Compare
  • Correlate
  • Predict
  • Control
• Variable


  Anything in a research situation that varies and can be measured. It maybe human characteristics, humans traits, and non-human characteristics
• Dependent variable


  Variables which values change as a result of the experimental treatment
• Independent variable


  The influencing variable in the experimental research/ to one which the researcher attributes causation (also called experimental variable)
• Population


  The largest group with which the researcher thinks the research can be used
• Control group or the comparison group

  The group of subjects in experimental research that is not receiving the experimental treatment
• Correlation


  A measure of the extent to which two or more variables have a systematic relationship
• Research Problem


  Any significant, perplexing and challenging situation, real, or artificial, the solution of which requires reflective thinking. It is a perplexing situation after it has been translated into a question or series of questions that help determine the direction of the subsequent investigation, or inquiry
• Hypothesis


  A statement of what one expects to find; a statement to be proven; initial answer to the research problems; common sense statement; expected relationship between variables; explanation of the phenomena; statement of patterns or behavior
• Forms of Hypothesis


  • Null hypothesis
  • Alternative/Operational hypothesis
• Null hypothesis


  This relates that there is no difference which means that the independent variable does not affect the dependent variable
• Alternative/Operational hypothesis


  It relates that there is difference which means that that the independent variable affects the dependent variable. The alternative hypothesis serves as the real concern of the research. It is a definite statement of the relationship between variables and it is what the research hopes to determine
• Scope


  Identifies the boundaries, or coverage of the study in terms of subjects, objectives, facilities, area, time frame, and the issues to which the research is focused
• Delimitation


  Defines the constraints, or weaknesses, which are not within the control of the researchers, therefore, they are not expected to be covered by the study
• Theoretical Framework


  Consists of existing theories that shape the justification of the research problems and objectives. It is also a symbolic construction which uses abstract, concepts, facts, or laws, variables and their relations that explain and predict how an observed phenomenon exist and operates
• Conceptual Framework


  Presents specific and well-defined concepts that shape the justification called constructs. Constructs are derived from abstracts, concepts of the theory
• Aspects of a research study to be defined

  • Subjects
  • Objectives
  • Facilities
  • Area
  • Time frame
  • Issues to which the research is focused
• Delimitation of the study


  Constraints or weaknesses that are not within the control of the researchers and are not expected to be covered by the study
• Theoretical framework


  Existing theories that shape the justification of the research problems and objectives
• Conceptual framework


  Specific and well-defined concepts that shape the justification called constructs
• Constructs


  Derived from abstracts, concepts of the theoretical framework
• Paradigm


  Diagrammatic representation of a conceptual framework