PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE (MT)

• Self


  Who you are as a person
• Psych, Ego, Soul


  3 parts of self (pinakaunang self. nde spinecify sino nagsabi)
• Socrates


  “An unexamined life is not worth living.”
• Know thyself

  cornerstone of Socrates' philosophy
• Socrates

  • Greek philosopher
  • Father of western philosophy
  • Martyr of knowledge and education to fight ignorance
  • Charged with ‘corruption of minors’ and death via hemlock
• Physical Realm


  what we see or interact with [Socrates]
• Ideal Realm


  realm beyond physical; eternal & unchanging [Socrates]
• Every human person is dualistic - body & soul
• Plato


  “The self is an immortal soul.”
• Rational, Spiritual, Appetitive


  Plato's 3 components of the soul
• Aristotle


  “The soul is the essence of the self.”
• Aristotle

  • Greek philosopher and scientist
  • Towering figure in science and math
  • Anything with life has a soul
• Aristotle's 3 kinds of soul

  • Vegetative – physical body; growing and reproducing
  • Sentient – ability to feel emotions, desires, etc.
  • Rational – intellect; capacity for logical thought
• Plato's 3 Components of Soul / 3 Souls

  • Rational (logical) – part that aims at the truth; conscious awareness.
  • Spiritual – controls both appetitive and spiritual soul o
  • Appetitive (physical) – irrational; desires such as hunger and physical satisfaction.
• St. Augustine


  “The self has an immortal soul.”
• St. Augustine


  • Roman African Christian theologian who became Christian at 35
  • Pray where supposedly everything depends on
• Body is united with soul; Soul cannot live without a body.

  Body is bound to die on Earth and the soul will live eternally in a realm of bliss.
• St. Thomas Aquinas

  • Italian Dominican friar and doctor of the church.
  • Some ideas were adapted from Aristotle.
• Matter (hyle) and Form (morphe)


  St. Thomas Aquinas' 2 compositions of man
• St. Thomas Aquinas' 2 compositions of man

  • Mater (hyle) – elements that make a man.
  • Form (morphe) – what gives man a shape.
• Theory of Self Knowledge [St. Aquinas]

  • All our self-knowledge is dependent on our experience of the world around us.
• Rene Descartes


  “I think, therefore I am.”
• “I think, therefore I am.”

  means contigo ergo sum.
• Rene Descartes

  • Father of Modern Philosophy.
  • French philosopher (body and mind).
  • One cannot doubt the existence of the self.
• Descartes' 2 dimensions of human self

  • Thinking self – thinks, judges, comments, memorizes, and remembers.
  • Physical self – how man views his body and its condition.
• John Locke


  “The self is consciousness.”
• John Locke

  • Father of liberalism.
  • English philosopher and physician.
  • People could use the power of reason to gain knowledge to understand experiences.
  • The essence of the self is conscious awareness.
  • Human mind at birth is a tabula rasa (blank state).
• Human mind at birth is a tabula rasa (blank state)
• [Locke] Quality sense-data

  • Primary – physical; weight, size, or motion.
  • Secondary – subjective; color, scent, or taste.
• David Hume


  “There is no self.”
• David Hume

  • Scottish philosopher, historian, and economist.
  • One can only know what comes from the senses and experiences.
• 2 distinct entities [Hume]

  Impression – basic emotions or perceptions.

  Ideas – images from impressions; present in thinking and reasoning.
• Immanuel Kant


  “We construct the self.”
• Immanuel Kant

  • Greek philosopher.
  • Metaphysics and Epistemology.
  • Self constructs its own reality and is a product of reason.
• Consciousness [Kant]

  • Internal self – psychological states.
  • External self – physical states; representation of objects.
• Soren Kierkegaard


  “Life is a reality to be experienced.”
• Soren Kierkegaard


  • Danish theologian, poet, religious author.
  • First existentialist philosopher.
  • Subjective truth is based on a person’s belief, perception, and opinions.
  • Humans have their own meaning in life and make rational decisions in an irrational world.
• Soren Kierkegaard


  First existentialist philosopher.
• Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel


  “The rational alone is real.”
• Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

  • German philosopher.
  • Dialectic scheme that emphasized the progress of history and ideas.
  • All realities can be explained in a rational reason.