pcog lec alkaloids

• Alkaloids


  Naturally occurring chemical compounds containing basic nitrogen atoms
• Sources of alkaloids(common family name)

  • Fabaceae
  • Solanaceae
  • Rubiaceae
  • Ranunculaceae
  • Papaveraceae
  • Berberidaceae
• Pharmacologic uses of alkaloids

  • Analgesic and Narcotic (Morphine, Codeine)
  • Central Stimulant (Strychnine, Brucine)
  • Mydriatics (Atropine)
  • Miotics (Physostigmine, Pilocarpine)
  • Adrenergic (Ephedrine)
  • Antihypertensive (Reserpine)
• Alkaloid nomenclature

  • Generic or Genus
  • Specific or Species
  • Common Name
  • Physiologic Activity
  • Discoverer
  • Physical Characteristic
• Biosynthetic classification of alkaloids

  • Tryptophan: Indole Alkaloids
  • Lysine: Piperidine Alkaloids
  • Histidine: Imidazole Alkaloids
  • Tyrosine: Phenylethylamine Alkaloids
  • Ornithine: Pyrrolidine Alkaloids
• Pharmacologic classification of alkaloids

  • Morphine (Narcotic Analgesic)
  • Quinine (Antimalarial)
  • Strychnine (Reflex Excitability)
  • Lobeline (Respiratory Stimulant)
  • Boldine (Choleretic and Laxative)
  • Aconitine (Neuralgia)
  • Pilocarpine (Antiglaucoma Agent and Miotic)
  • Ergonovine (Oxytocic)
  • Ephedrine (Bronchodilator)
  • Narceine (Analgesic (narcotic) and Antitussive)
• Chemical classification of alkaloids

  • Pyrrolidine (Hygrine)
  • Piperidine (Lobeline)
  • Pyrrolizidine (Senecionine)
  • Tropane (Atropine)
  • Quinoline (Quinine)
  • Isoquinoline (Morphine)
  • Aporphine (Boldine)
  • Indole (Ergometrine)
  • Imidazole (Pilocarpine)
  • Diazocine (Lupanine)
  • Purine (Caffeine)
  • Steroidal (Solanidine)
  • Amino (Ephedrine)
  • Diterpene (Aconitine)
• Types of alkaloids

  • True Alkaloids (Heterocyclic ring, Nitrogen, Derived from amino acids, e.g. Atropine)
• Alkaloids may contain the following chemical entities in their structures: heterocyclic ring, nitrogen, amino acid
• Solubility of free alkaloids in water

  Sparingly soluble
• Mydriatics


  Agents that dilate the pupil of the eye
• Hygrine


  Derived from the Greek word "hygros" meaning moist
• Pseudo alkaloids are not derived from amino acids
• salts of heavy metal

  insoluble precepitate
• alkaloidal salts

  soluble in water
• solid alkaloids

  soluble or slightly soluble in water

  soluble in organic solvents
• pure alkaloids

  insoluble in water

  soluble in organic solvent
• Narcotine by French apothecary Derosne in 1803
• Morphine by Hanoverian apothecary Serturner in

  1806
• Types of alkaloids

  Proto Alkaloids (No heterocyclic ring, Nitrogen, derived from amino acids, e.g. Colchicine)
• SN of Hydrastine

  Hydrastis canadensis
• SN OF ERGOTAMINE

  Claviceps purpurea
• sn of pelletierine

  Puniea granatum
• sn of cocaine

  Erythroxylum coca
• sn of emetine

  Hedera helix
• sn of narcotine

  Papaver somniferum
• morphine

  Morpheus (God of dreams)
• Hygrine

  Withania somniferum

  (Solanaceae)
• Cannabineous

  Cannabis sativa

  (Hemp, Marijuana)
• Rubiaceous

  Cinchona Sp. (Quinine)
• Solanaceous

  • Mandragora officinarum (Mandrake, Loveapple)
  • Nicotiana glauca (Tree Tobacco)
  • Seopolia carniolica (Scopolia)
  • Solanum dulcamara (Bittersweet, Bitter Nightshade, Felonwood)
  • Withania somniferum (Ashwagandha)
  • Atropa belladona (Deadly Nightshade, Belladona)
  • Brunfelsia uniflorus (Manaca, Manacan)
  • Capsicum annuum (Sweet Peppers, Paprika)
  • Datura candida (Borrachero, Floripondio)
  • Duboisia myoporoides (Corkwood Tree, Pituri)
  • Hyoscyamus niger (Henbane, Henblain, Jusquaime)
• Classification

  • taxonomic
  • biosynthetic
  • pharmacologic
  • chemical
• Plant sources

  • pyridine-piperidine
  • tropane
  • quinolone
  • isoquinolone
  • imidazole
  • steroidal
  • indole
  • alkaloidal amines
  • purine
• Pseudo alkaloids


  derived from purines or terpenoids
• good sources of alkaloids

  • Atropa belladonna
  • Marine algae
  • Fire ant
• examples of non-solid alkaloids

  • coniine
  • nicotine
  • sparteine
• parts of plants used for getting alkaloids


  • berries
  • bark
  • fruits
  • roots
  • leaves
• "alkalo" means basic
• "-oid" means like
• taste of alkaloids

  bitter