ap European history the renaissance unit 1

• Renaissance humanists


  Promoted a revival in classical literature and created new approaches to ancient texts
• Renaissance humanists


  • Furthered the values of secularism and individualism
• Petrarch


  Father of humanism, believed writers and artists would bring forward the glory of the classical past
• Humanism

  A program of study that emphasized the critical study of Greek and Latin literature and valued the worthiness of human nature and human accomplishments
• Humanism


  • Focused attention on the present, less emphasis on the afterlife
  • Promoted individualism
• Civic humanism


  Belief that it is an intellectual's duty to be involved in politics and help the community
• Civic humanism in action

  • The Medici family in Florence
  • Castiglione's "The Book of the Courtier"
  • Machiavelli's "The Prince"
• Northern Renaissance


  • Retained more of a religious focus, resulted in more human-centered naturalism that considered individuals and everyday life appropriate objects of artistic representation
• Christian humanism


  Thinkers like Erasmus who used Renaissance ideas to reform religion
• Christian humanists

  • Erasmus
  • Sir Thomas More
• Erasmus criticized religious and political institutions, created a Greek version of the New Testament, and was accused of laying the egg that Martin Luther hatched
• Thomas More wrote "Utopia", describing an ideal society with education, religious toleration, and no poverty or discord
• We will now move from the Renaissance into the Age of Reformation
• Martin Luther is accused of laying the egg that the Protestant Reformation hatched
• There will be other reformers that pick up on Luther's initial ideas
• Thomas More

  An English humanist who wrote Utopia in 1516, describing an ideal place
• Utopia has come to mean a perfect idea of how things should be
• In the Age of Reformation, reformers like Martin Luther and John Calvin will criticize the Catholic Church
• Pope Julius II

  Held the office of Pope from 1503 to 1513
• The Catholic Church was the center of life for all social classes in the early 16th century
• Signs of disorder and abuse in the Church

  • Clerical immorality
  • Absenteeism and pluralism
  • Clerical ignorance
  • Privileges
• Johann Tetzel was a Dominican preacher who sold indulgences, which were forgiveness of sins
• Martin Luther


  An Augustinian monk who believed salvation is obtained by faith alone, not church traditions
• Luther nailed his 95 Theses criticizing indulgences to the church door in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517
• Luther was threatened with excommunication but refused to recant at the Diet of Worms in 1521
• The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 allowed German princes to choose whether their lands would be Catholic or Lutheran
• Calvinism


  The belief in predestination - that God has already determined who will be saved and who will not
• John Calvin set up a Calvinist city government in Geneva, Switzerland to regulate people's conduct
• John Knox, a student of Calvin, was instrumental in establishing Presbyterianism as the state church of Scotland
• The short answer questions (SAQs) on the AP Euro exam require analyzing historical sources and interpretations
• SAQ1 is a required question focusing on historical interpretations from 1600-2001
• SAQ2 is a required question focusing on a primary source from 1600-2001
• SAQ3 and SAQ4 allow students to choose between two options, covering earlier and later time periods respectively
• The revolutionary period of England may be said to have lasted nearly 50 years if we reckon from the beginning of the civil wars under charles the first to the assassination of william iii in 1688
• These 50 years had no other real and permanent object than the establishment of the current constitution which is the finest monument of justice and moral greatness existing in europe
• The same movement in the minds of men that brought about the revolution in england was the cause of that of france in 1789
• Both the english and french revolutions belong to a new era in the progress of social order, the establishment of representative government
• Describe


  Indicate or provide information about a specific topic without elaboration or explanation
• Identify


  Indicate or provide information about a specific topic without elaboration or explanation
• Explain


  Provide information about how or why a relationship, process, pattern, position, situation or outcome occurs using evidence and/or reasoning