NMAT Bio

• Polysaccharides


  • Cellulose - plant cell wall
  • Chitin - fungi cell wall
  • Glycogen - storage form of glucose in animals
  • Starch - storage form of glucose in plants
• Types of variables


  • Independent: can be changed (e.g., water, soda, juice)
  • Dependent: change that happened (e.g., height of plant)
  • Controlled: unchanged (e.g., soil)
• Properties of Life


  • Growth
  • Development
  • Reproduction
  • Metabolism
  • Irritability
  • Homeostasis
  • Adaptation
• Unity and Diversity of Life

  • Atoms (CHONS)
  • Molecules
  • Organelles
  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organ
  • Organ System
  • Organism
  • Population
  • Community
  • Ecosystem
  • Biome
  • Biosphere
• Cell Theory


  • All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  • Cell is the basic unit of life
  • Cell came from pre-existing cells
• Common Components of Cells

  • Plasma Membrane - outer covering
  • Cytoplasm - jelly-like; contains organelles
  • DNA - genetic material
  • Ribosomes - protein synthesis
• Prokaryotes


  Bacteria and archaea; DNA is in nucleoid; with flagella
• Eukaryotes


  Have organelles; with nucleus
• Building Blocks


  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Protein
• Carbohydrates


  Energy source (glucose and starch)
• Lipids


  Energy source; heat insulation
• Nucleic acids


  DNA - genetic material; RNA - protein translation
• Protein


  Hormone, enzyme, transport, etc.
• Monosaccharides


  • Glucose
  • Galactose
  • Fructose
• Disaccharides


  • Maltose
  • Lactose
  • Sucrose
• Flagella


  Long, made of microtubules; spinning movement
• Cilia


  Short, beating movement
• Cell Walls


  • Plant: cellulose
  • Fungi: chitin
  • Bacteria: peptidoglycan
• Parts of a Cell

  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Vacuole
  • Mitochondrion
  • Chloroplast
  • Peroxisome
  • Centrosomes
  • Centrioles
  • Cytoskeleton
• Nucleus


  Control center; contains the DNA
• Nuclear membrane


  Selectively permeable; encloses nucleoplasm
• Nucleoplasm


  Contains nucleoli and chromatin
• Nucleolus


  Where ribosomes are assembled/created
• Chromatin

  Loose DNA and protein
• Histones


  Protein embedded in DNA
• Cell Junctions


  • Tight Junctions - impermeable; leak-proof
  • Desmosomes - anchoring
  • Gap Junctions - for communication; connect cells by connexons
• Cytoplasm


  Site of most cellular activities
• Cytosol


  Semitransparent fluid
• Inclusions


  Non-functioning units (e.g., nutrients)
• Ribosomes


  2 subunits of ribosomal RNA and proteins; can be free in cytosol or bound to RER; for protein synthesis
• Endoplasmic Reticulum


  Network of tubules and sacs (cisternae)
• Smooth ER


  Lipid synthesis; metabolism of Carbs, Ca2+ storage; detoxification
• Rough ER


  Aids in synthesis of proteins from bound ribosomes; Sends protein to GA via transport vesicles
• Golgi Apparatus


  Flattened membrane sacs; sorting of many polysaccharides; modifying and packaging of proteins; has 2 faces (cis: receiving; trans: shipping)
• Lysosomes


  Digests disease-causing bacteria; with hydrolytic enzymes that breaks down protein, carbs, lipids; in oxygen-poor areas (vs. peroxisomes)
• Vacuole


  Digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, etc.
• Mitochondrion


  Double membrane; inner (smooth): porins; outer (folder): cristae; cellular respiration; has its own DNA
• Chloroplast


  Around fluid stroma with thylakoid stacked into grana; has its own DNA; thylakoid contains chlorophyll; site of photosynthesis
• Peroxisome


  With oxidase enzymes that disarms radicals by converting them to hydrogen peroxide
• Centrosomes


  Comprises of two microtubules known as centrioles