Finals

• Reproduction - Chains of DNA are being pass from parents to offspring. It avoids extinction of a species. An Instinct for animals, and choice for humans
• Heredity - Passing of genetic traits from parents to offsping.
• Fertilization - union of reproductive cells or gametes. Sperm cell and egg cell for humans and animals, fusion of pollen and ovum for plants
• Two types of reproduction

  • Asexual Reproduction (no fertilization occurs)
  • Sexual Reproduction (involves fertilization)
• Reproduction - A biological process where organisms have the ability to produce another of their kind (same species)
• Types of asexual reproduction

  • Budding
  • Fragmentation
  • Regeneration
  • Binary Fission
  • Vegetative Reproduction
  • Spore Formation
  • Parthenogenesis
• Asexual Reproduction - Does not involve fertilization. Results in a clone of the parent -> no genetic diversity
• Budding - Asexual reproduction in which a new individual is produced from the parent plant by splitting off a small part of the parent plant

  ex. hydra and corals
• Fragmentation - a cut body part does not only regenerate but will become its own separate organism

  ex. starfish and planaria
• Binary Fission - Typically observed in prokaryotes. Parent cell divides to produce two daughter cells

  ex. bateria and archaea
• Vegetative Reproduction - Another plant part is used instead of seed to produce.

  ex. potatoes, strawberry, stolons, and tubers
• Spore Formation - Spores are produced in the sporangium and are released into the air

  ex. ferns and molds
• Parthenogenesis - The unfertilized egg of the female grows to become a new organism. no male species

  ex. komodo dragon and water flea
• Regeneration - regrowth of a cut or injured body part

  ex. starfish and lizard
• Sexual Reproduction - Involves the union of gametes

  ex. Humans and plants
• Flowering plants reproduce sexually through a process called pollination
• Types of pollination

  • Self pollination (occurs within the same flower)
  • Cross polination (occurs in two different flower of the same species)
• Types of fertilization

  • External fertilization
  • Internal fertilization
• External fertilization - Fertilization that happens outside the body

  ex. Frogs, fish, and other amphibians
• Internal Fertilization - Fertilization that happens inside the body. inside the reproductive tract

  ex. birds, reptiles, humans, etc...
• Some organisms can reproduce both asexually and sexually

  ex. potatoes, onions, jellyfish, and sea anemones
• Most plants undergo alternation of generation (alternation between being haploid and diploid)
• Gametophyte - haploid multicellular organism that develops from a haploid spore with one set of chromosome

  ex. ferns, seeds, and bryophytes
• Sporophyte - Diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of a plant or algae
• Humans spends most of their live as diploids including animals
• All organism need energy to perform various life processes
• We need to take food since it's a source of energy
• Nutrition - the process of obtaining the energy and nutrients needed for growth and development of an organism
• Process of nutrition in animals

  • Ingestion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Assimilation
  • Egestion
• Ingestion - the process of taking food into the body by swallowing, chewing, and/or sucking
• Digestion - In stomach, after 4 hours, the food will turn into liquid substance
• Absorption - Nutrients pass through from the lining of our small intestine to our blood
• Assimilation - The cells then uses the nutrients that are now incorporated into the cells
• Defacation - Process used to remove the fecal matter from our body. Excretion of waste product
• Nutrients - substance that provide energy for the organism's metabolic process such as growth, maintenance, reproduction, and even immunity
• Food that provide energy, is the food thar has carbohydrate, proteins, fats/lipids, and calories
• chemoautotrophic organism - uses chemical energy rather than light

  ex. bacteria that live in soil, organism that lives in volcanic vents
• Saprophytic (Decomposers) - organisms that obtain their nutrients from dead organic matter

  ex. fungi and bacteria
• Parasitic - Organism (parasite) takes food from another organism (host) to the point that the host is harmed
• Ectoparasite - parasites that live outside or on the surface of the host

  ex. lice, ticks, and mosquitoes