4 -- ucsp

• PRIMARY GROUPS --

  • are characterized by members having personal and intimate relationships and having interactions which occur frequently
  • they are usually small, and individuals in these types of groups spend a lot of time together and engage in a variety of activities together
• SECONDARY GROUPS --

  • larger, more impersonal, and their activities are usually oriented towards the achievement of a goal
• REFERENCE GROUPS --

  • act of comparing oneself with others
  • a group that serve as points for evaluating one’s self or making decisions
• INGROUP -- one wherein a person belongs to, and consequently, he or she views it with respect and loyalty
• OUT-GROUP -- one that an individual does not belong to, and which is perceived as inferior, hostile, or as a source of competition
• NETWORKS -- defined as webs of social ties in which individuals are connected to one another but do not feel a strong sense of belonging
• FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS --

  1. UTILITARIAN: an organization that rewards its employees for their work, either through salaries or benefits
  2. NORMATIVE: an organization where the people participate not to be paid, but in order to pursue an objective that they consider moral or worthy
  3. COERCIVE: an organization that force people into participation and are used in extreme cases
• BUREAUCRACY -- model of organization that is designed for efficiency of tasks
• CHARACTERISTICS OF BUREAUCRACY --

  1. SPECIALIZATION: assigned to perform specific tasks, which keep them focused and allows them to work more rapidly
  2. HIERARCHY OF POSITION: vertical ranking of roles
  3. RULES AND REGULATION: explicitly stated codes of conduct that guide what people can and cannot do
  4. TECHNICAL COMPETENCE: knowledge, skills, and training
  5. IMPERSONALITY
  6. FORMAL, WRITTEN COMMUNICATION: completing forms and sending memos
• KINSHIP -- social ties that are based on common ancestry, marriage, or adaptation
• MARRIAGE -- one of the most important processes in the formation of families, and is defined as the legal or formal recognition of two individuals as partners
• RITUAL KINSHIP -- kinship is also possible through ritual or ceremony
• COMPADRAZGO or PADRINAZGO -- ritual kinship in the form of god parenthood
• FAMILY -- refers to two or more people related by blood, marriage, and adoption
• HOUSEHOLD -- basic residential unit where economic, production, consumption, inheritance, child rearing, and shelter are organized and carried out
• TYPES OF FAMILY --

  1. nuclear family
  2. extended family
  3. conditional separated family
  4. transnational family
  5. single-parent family
• NUCLEAR FAMILY -- refers to the smallest unit of family. It consists of one or two parents and offspring, which may include a stepparent, step siblings, and adopted children

  • FAMILY OF ORIENTATION: the unit where one was born and raised
  • FAMILY OF PROCREATION: the unit that one forms when he or she takes a spouse, and they have a child or children
• EXTENDED FAMILY -- a family where grandparents or aunts and uncles play major roles in the children’s upbringing
• CONDITIONAL SEPARATED FAMILY --

  • a family member is separated from the rest of the family
  • due to employment far away, military service, incarceration, hospitalization
• TRANSNATIONAL FAMILY -- these families live in more than one country
• SINGLE-PARENT FAMILY --  refer to family unit with one parent with one or more children
• FORMS OF MARRIAGE --

  MONOGAMY: happens when both married partners only have one spouse

  POLYGAMY: occurs when one individual has multiple spouses.

  POLYGYNY: happens when one man is married to more than one woman simultaneously.

  POLYANDRY: refers to the condition when a woman is married to more than one man simultaneously.

  ENDOGAMY: the custom of marrying only within the limits of a local community, clan, or tribe.

  EXOGAMY: the custom of marrying outside a community, clan, or tribe.
• HEALTH -- defined as the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
• HEALTH DOMAINS (3) --

  1. physical health
  2. mental health
  3. spiritual health
• PHYSICAL HEALTH -- refers to the way that your body functions. This includes eating right, getting regular exercise, and being at your recommended body weight. It is also avoiding vices, and being free of diseases and sickness.
• MENTAL HEALTH -- refers to person’s emotional, social, and psychological well-being. Mental health is as important as physical health as a part of a full, active lifestyle.

  1. PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH: is the ability to recognize reality and cope with the demands of every life
  2. EMOTIONAL HEALTH: is expressing your emotions in a positive and non-destructive way
  3. SOCIAL HEALTH: is the quality of your relationships with family, friends, teachers, and classmates and others the person is in contact with
• SPIRITUAL HEALTH -- refers to maintaining harmonious relationship with other living things and having spiritual direction and purpose.
• MAJOR TYPES OF DISEASE (4) --

  1. ENDEMIC DISEASE: his kind of disease is always present in a large part of the population
  2. EPIDEMIC DISEASE: an epidemic disease affects a significant part of the population, wherein disease is normally uncommon to the people and area
  3. CHRONIC DISEASE: it is a disease that lasts for a long time. The victim may or may not die, but often does not recover.
  4. ACUTE DISEASE: this is a short duration disease; generally, either the victim recovers from it or dies fast.
• ILLNESS -- refers to the meaning and elaborations given to a particular physical state. It is much more culture-specific, which is why some illnesses are experienced only in certain and assumes a different form or variation or non-existent at all in other cultures
• BUGHAT -- originated from Cebu, commonly known as “ binat” among Filipinos is the relapse of the body’s system after it has healed from sickness
• USOG -- this topic in Filipino psychology happens when an unsuspecting stranger greets you with an evil eye; symptoms of usog are usually a development of fever and sometimes convulsions
• MEDICINE -- is an institution concerned with the maintenance of health and treatment of diseases. Medicine in the world is very vast in its scope.
• TYPES OF MEDICINE (3) --

  1. TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND HEALING TREATMENT: the sum total of the knowledge, skills and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures
  2. WESTERN MEDICINE: is the modern day practices of the medical world and are typically referred to as medical science.
  3. ALTERNATIVE HEALING: not backed- up by scientific facts but has still proven successful in healing illnesses and psychological strains
• HEALTH AS A HUMAN RIGHT -- the WHO constitution enshrines the highest attainable standard of health as a fundamental right of every human being