Circulatory System

• Circulatory/Cardiovascular System

  ● It is made up of heart, blood and blood vessels

  ● It is where the blood recycled continually through a closed network of vessels

  ● This is always associated with Respiratory System

  ● It mainly functions as "body's transport system"

  ● It transports blood, O2, CO2 away from the cell, nutrients, endocrine gland secretions (hormones), immune system components (antibodies), etc
• Types of Circulatory System:

  Open Circulatory System

  • It is primarily found in invertebrates
  • blood flows freely through cavities known as the hemocoel.
  • Hemolymph is pumped by the heart into an open cavity.
  • Example organisms: Insects, arthropods, mollusks
• Types of Circulatory System:

  Close Circulatory System

  ● It is found in vertebrates and a few invertebrates like earthworms

  ● The circulating fluid known as blood passes within blood vessels that transport blood away from and back to the heart.

  ● Example organisms: Vertebrates including human, cephalopod, annelids, fish
• Types of Circulation: Single Circulation & Double Circulation
• Types of Circulation Based on Chambers:

  2-Chambered Heart

  
  

  • Fish Heart
  • One Atrium
  • One Ventricle
  • Single Circulation
• Heart

  • a muscular organ that plays a crucial role in the circulatory system and is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body
• Heart Location

  • The human heart is located in the thoracic cavity of the chest, specifically in the mediastinum. The mediastinum is the central region of the thoracic cavity, situated between the two pleural cavities that house the lungs. It’s positioned slightly to the left side of the midline of the chest
• Pericardium/Epicardium

  ● It is a thin OUTER layer which gives the surface of the heart

  ● It has smooth and slippery texture.

  ● It contains pericardial/serous fluid that allows heartbeat in relative to frictionless environment.
• Myocardium

  • It has the thickest bundles of cardiac muscles.
  • It makes up the bulk of the heart
  • It is responsible for its pumping action or the layer that contracts
• Endocardium

  ● It is the smooth INNER lining of the heart

  ● It is continuous with the large blood vessels to which the heart connects
• Atria (Receiving Chambers)

  Right Atrium

  • Receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava
• Atria (Receiving Chambers)

  Left Atrium

  • Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins.
• Atrioventricular Valves/ AV Valve (Controls Blood Flow)

  Tricuspid Valve

  • Located between the right atrium and right ventricle, it prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricle to the atrium
• Atrioventricular Valves/ AV Valve (Controls Blood Flow)

  Mitral Valve (Bicuspid Valve)

  • Located between the left atrium and left ventricle, it prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricle to the atrium
• Semilunar Valves/ SL Valve (Regulates Blood Flow)

  Pulmonary Valve

  • Found at the exit of the right ventricle, it prevents blood from flowing back into the ventricle after it has been pumped to the lungs
• Semilunar Valves/ SL Valve (Regulates Blood Flow)

  Aortic Valve

  • Located at the exit of the left ventricle, it prevents blood from flowing back into the ventricle after it has been pumped to the body
• Ventricles (Discharging Chambers and Thick-walled)

  Right Ventricle

  • Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery.
• Ventricles (Discharging Chambers and Thick-walled)

  Left Ventricle

  • Pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body through the aorta
• Septa

  Interventricular septum

  • Separates the two ventricles
• Septa

  Interatrial septum

  • Separates the two atria
• Arteries and Veins

  • The heart has its own blood supply through the coronary arteries. The coronary arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, while the coronary veins carry deoxygenated blood away
• Chordae Tendineae

  • The anchor that flaps to the walls of the ventricle and holds the valves.
• Papillary Muscles

  • The muscles are located in the ventricles of the heart. It attaches to the cusps of the AV Valves via the chordae tendineae.
• Patterns of Circulation

  Pulmonary Circulation

  • moves blood between the heart and the lungs. It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart
• Patterns of Circulation

  Systematic Circulation

  • moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body. It sends oxygenated blood out to cells and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart
• Cardiovascular Conditions

  Varicose Veins

  • occurs when the veins is under extensive pressure for a long time that causes the valves to lose making blood regurgitate
• Cardiovascular Conditions

  Atherosclerosis

  • occurs when accumulation of cholesterol in the lining of blood vessel causes rupturing that result to blood clotting that clogs the pathway
• Cardiovascular Conditions

  Cardiac arrest

  • an electrical problem of the heart. The person who suffers cardiac arrest will be UNCONSCIOUS.
• Cardiovascular Conditions

  Heart attack

  • when an artery supplying your heart with blood and oxygen becomes blocked. The person who suffers a heart attack is still CONSCIOUS.
• Stroke

  • disease that affects the arteries leading to and within the brain.
• Types of Circulation Based on Chambers:

  3-Chambered Heart

  • Reptile Heart
  • Two Atria
  • One Ventricle
  • Double Circulation
• Types of Circulation Based on Chambers:

  4-Chambered Heart

  • Mammalian Heart
  • Two Atrium
  • Two Ventricle
  • Double Circulation