SPGBIOrsetc

• Nutrition


  The biochemical & physiological process by which an organism uses food to support its life. It provides organisms with nutrients, which can metabolize to create energy and chemical structures.
• Modes of nutrition (according to organisms)

  • Autotrophs
  • Heterotrophs
• Autotrophs


  • Organisms that convert water and carbon dioxide into organic sugars which they can use for growth and development
  • Examples: plants & other photosynthetic organisms
• Heterotrophs


  • Also known as consumers
  • Organisms that cannot make their own food
  • Examples: Animals
• Kinds of consumers


  • Herbivores - organisms that mainly eat plants
  • Carnivores - organisms that mainly eat animals
  • Omnivores - organisms that eat both plants and animals
  • Decomposers - organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms
• Functions of the digestive system

  • Ingestion
  • Digestion
  • Nutrient Absorption
  • Elimination
• Digestive systems in invertebrates

  • Gastrovascular Cavity - Example: flatworms, corals, sea anemones, jellyfish
  • Alimentary Canal - Example: earthworms, insects
• Digestive systems in vertebrates

  • Avian
  • Ruminant
  • Pseudo-ruminant
  • Monogastric
• Respiratory systems


  • Diffusion across outer surface and gastrovascular cavity - Example: sea anemones and flatworms
  • Gills - filamentous respiratory organs that increase surface area for gas exchange
  • Tracheal system - air-filled tubes with gas exchange at finest branches - Example: insects
  • Lungs - sac-like internal respiratory organs
• Respiration


  (1) Individual cells breakdown organic substances in the presence of O2 to release energy, (2) Human body extracts O2 and releases CO2 to/from the atmosphere
• Modes of reproduction


  • Asexual reproduction - results in genetically identical offspring
  • Sexual reproduction - involves fusion of gametes from two parents
• Types of asexual reproduction

  • Binary fission (bacteria)
  • Budding (hydra)
  • Vegetative propagation (plants)
  • Sporogenesis (fungi)
  • Fragmentation (mosses, sponges)
  • Parthenogenesis (bees)
• Fertilization


  The process by which male and female gametes are fused, initiating the development of a new organism
• Types of fertilization


  • External fertilization - gametes discharged into water
  • Internal fertilization - sperm deposited in/near female reproductive tract
• Male reproductive structures


  • Testes
  • Scrotum
  • Epididymis
  • Vas deferens
  • Penis
• Female reproductive structures


  • Ovaries
  • Oviducts
  • Uterus
  • Vagina