respi

• Upper respiratory tract - consists ofexternal nose, nasal cavity, pharynx.

• External nose is composed mainly of?

  Hyaline cartilage
• To what structures does the nasal cavity extend?

  Extends from nares (nostrils) to choana
• What structures serve as the openings to the pharynx?

  Choana
• Paranasal sinuses -
air-filled spaces within the bones surrounding the nasal cavity; lined with mucous membranes.
• Conchae - located on each side of nasal cavity; increase surface area of nasal cavity, help in cleaning, humidifying, warming of air.
• Nasolacrimal ducts - carry tears from eyes to nasal cavity.
• Pharynx - a common passageway for the respiratory and digestive systems.
• Pharynx is consists of?

  Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx
• Nose consists of?


  External Nose and Nasal Cavity
• Nasopharynx - is the most superior portion of the pharynx; takes in air.
• Oropharynx - is the middle portion of the pharynx; extends from uvula to epiglottis; takes in food, drink, and air.
• Laryngopharynx - extends from epiglottis to esophagus; food and drink pass through.
• Uvula
- "Little grape", is a posterior extension of the soft palate.
• Pharyngeal tonsil
- aids in defending against infections.
• Lower respiratory tract - includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
• Larynx - is commonly known as the voice box. It is located in the anterior part of the laryngopharynx and extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea.
• Larynx- consists of cartilages including the thyroid cartilage and the epiglottis.

• Vocal folds/Cords - are the inferior ligaments; Source of voice production, air moves past them, they vibrate, and sound is produced, force of air determines loudness, tension determines pitch
• Thyroid cartilage - largest piece of cartilage; called Adam’s apple.
• Epiglottis - piece of cartilage; flap that prevents swallowed materials from entering larynx.
• Laryngitis
- Inflammation of vocal folds; caused by overuse, dry air, infection.
• Trachea - is commonly known as the windpipe; consist of 15–20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage; contains cilia pseudostratified columnar epithelium, smoking kills cilia, coughing dislodges materials from trachea, divides into right and left primary bronchi (lungs).
• Trachea - is a membranous tube attached to the larynx and consists of dense regular connective tissue and smooth muscle.
• Bronchi
- divide from trachea, connect to lungs, lined with cilia; contain C-shaped pieces of cartilage.
• Lungs - is the
primary organ of respiration; cone shaped, the base rests on the diaphragm, the apex extends above the clavicle.
• Right lung - has 3 lobes. Left lung - has 2 lobes
• Lung airway passages


  • Primary bronchi
  • Lobar bronchi
  • Segmental bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal bronchioles
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveoli
• Alveoli
- are small, air-filled chambers where the air and the blood

  come into close contact with each other; where gas exchange occurs, surrounded by capillaries, 300 million alveoli in lungs.
• Asthma attack -
contraction of terminal bronchioles leads to reduced air flow.
• Respiratory membrane
- in lungs where gas exchange between air and blood occurs, formed by walls of alveoli and capillaries, alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles also contribute, very thin for diffusion of gases.
• Pleura
- is double-layered membrane around lungs.
• Parietal pleura - lines thoracic cavity.
• Visceral pleura - covers lung's surface.
• Pleural cavity - is the space around each lung.
• Ventilation (breathing)
- a process of moving air in and out of the lungs, uses the diaphragm, which is a skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
• What are the three phases of ventilation?

  Inspiration, Expiration, Forceful expiration
• Inspiration - breathe in, uses diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
• Expiration - breathe out, uses diaphragm.
• Forceful expiration - uses internal intercostal muscles.