TECTONICS

• Continental plate

  Less dense, more thick
• Oceanic plate


  Denser, less thick
• Constructive plate boundary


  • Two plates moving away from each other, magma rises in the middle and creates new land
• Destructive plate boundary


  • Two plates moving towards each other
• Outcomes of destructive plate boundaries

  • Two continental plates - fold mountains form
  • One oceanic and one continental - oceanic gets subducted
• Conservative plate boundary

  • Plates rubbing side by side
• HIC - Christchurch, New Zealand

  • South Island, 22/2/2011
  • Australian and Pacific plate - conservative and destructive
  • Earthquake was 6.1, lasted 12 seconds (had been a 7.1 6 months prior)
  • Epicentre was 10km from Christchurch
  • Shallow focus of 5km
  • 181 people were killed
  • Over half the deaths were due to building collapse and fire
• LIC - Nepal


  • Destructive plate boundary - Indian and Eurasian plate, both continental
  • 7.9 Richter scale
  • 8.2 km from surface - shallow
  • Kim from capital
• Monitoring


  Using scientific equipment to detect activity
• Monitoring techniques


  • Remote sensing (satellites detect changes in heat and shape of volcano)
  • Seismicity (seismograph record earthquakes)
  • Ground deformation (changes in volcano shape detected by laser beams)
  • Geophysical measurements (detect gravity changes as magma rises)
  • Gas (detect gasses released as magma rises)
  • Hydrology (measurements of gasses dissolved in water)
• Prediction


  Using scientific evidence to guess activity
• Prediction methods


  • Volcanoes (base predictions off monitoring methods)
  • Earthquake (predicted based off of historical evidence, plate margins, pre shocks, animal activity)
• Protection


  Designing infrastructure to resist hazard
• Protection methods


  • Volcanoes (little to be done, embankments or explosions can divert lava)
  • Earthquakes (building constructed to improve stability, tsunami walls, drills keep people educated)
• Planning


  Identifying and avoiding high risk locations
• Planning methods


  • Volcanoes (hazard maps showing location and likeliness can ensure evacuation zones)
  • Earthquakes (mapped high risk areas, high value land protected)
• Reasons people live in hazardous areas

  • Hazards don't happen often, low risk
  • People in poverty have other things to worry about
  • People unaware of risk
  • Plate margins coincide with desirable locations
  • Volcanos bring fertile soil, rocks for building, mineral deposits, hot water
  • Falt lines allow water to reach the service - good for deserts
  • Good monitoring lowers risk
  • Better design can withstand earthquakes
• Iceland benefits from living in a hazardous area:
• Christchurch – effects:


  -          28 billion dollars of damage

  -          181 people died, 2000 injured

  -          Couldn’t hold rugby world cup

  -          Road damage due to liquification – could reach people

  -          Schools shared classrooms

  -          Part of glacier broke off – made iceberg

  -          80% of city was without electricity

  -          City’s cathedral lost its spire
• Christchurch – response:


  -          Search and rescue from Australia, UK, USA, Japan, Taiwan, China

  -          Australian government donated 6.7 million dollars

  -          Full emergency response planned in two hours

  -          Electricity was restored 80% in 5 days and 95% in two weeks

  -          During building repairs, shipping containers converted to shops

  -          2700 chemical toilets sent to Christchurch

  -          Water supplies restored 70% in one week
• Long term response:


  -          Rebuilding and reconstructing

  -          Returning lives back to normal

  -          Preventing further risk-          Rebuilding and reconstructing

  -          Returning lives back to normal

  -          Preventing further risk
• Immediate response:


  -          Search and rescue

  -          Keeping survivors alive

  -          Medical care

  -          Food, water, shelter
• New Zealand – immediate:

  -          Emergency services acted quickly

  -          Farmy army – farmers provided machines and muscle for clean up

  -          30000 chemical toilets provided

  -          Government provided temporary housing and kept damaged houses watertight

  -          Australia gave 5 million in aid

  -          International help from US, UK, Taiwan, Australia
• New Zealand – Long-Term:


  -          As HIC – economy was strong enough for rebuild

  -          Canterbury earthquake recovery authority created

  -          Christchurch divided into green, orange, white and red zones
• Nepal – Immediate:


  -          Search and rescue teams arrived quickly from UK, India, China

  -          300000 people migrated from Kathmandu

  -          Field hospitals set up to support overcrowded hospitals

  -          500000 tents needed to provide shelter

  -          Helicopters rescued people caught in avalanches on Everest
• Nepal – Long-Term:


  -          Financial aid pledged by many countries

  -          Thousands homeless people to be rehoused

  -          Tourism to be boosted

  -          Held a conference to discuss rebuilding and aid