Inequality Trends

• EU Population Growth


  Population increased by 4.53% from 1998 to 2022 in the EU.
• EU Population Decline


  EU27 population decreased by 0.15% from 2020 to 2022.
• Population Disparity


  Considerable population differences among EU Member States.
• Total Fertility Rate


  Average 1.50 live births per woman in the EU27 in 2020.
• Replacement Level


  Average births per woman to maintain constant population.
• Ageing Population


  Increased ratio of people aged 65+ due to declining fertility and longer life expectancy.
• Age Dependency Ratio


  Ratio of non-working age to working-age population, reflecting past demographic trends.
• Net Migration


  Difference between immigration and emigration in a given period.
• Labour Market Heterogeneity


  Variations in job markets across EU countries.
• Economic Inequality Measurement


  Assessment of income disparities within the EU.
• Population Projections


  Estimations foresee EU population decline to 419.1 million by 2080.
• Total Population Change


  EU population rose by 7.3 million (1.7%) from 2011 to 2021.
• Dependency Ratio Trends


  EU age dependency ratio exceeded 56% of working-age population by 2021.
• Labour Force Decline


  Decrease in workforce and economic growth due to ageing population.
• Migration Impact


  Migration influences population dynamics and demographic balance.
• Age dependency ratio


  Percentage of working-age population supporting elderly
• Old-age dependency ratio


  Percentage of elderly people relative to working-age adults
• EU


  European Union
• NUTS 3 regions


  Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics level 3 regions
• Fertility rates


  Number of children born per woman
• Population pyramid


  Graphical representation of a population's age and gender distribution
• Baby-boomers


  Individuals born during the post-World War II baby boom
• Longevity


  Long lifespan or duration of life
• Migration


  Movement of people from one place to another for various reasons
• Human capital


  Skills, knowledge, and experience possessed by an individual
• Opportunity cost


  Value of the next best alternative foregone when a decision is made
• Cost-benefit analysis


  Evaluation of the costs and benefits of a decision or project
• Intertemporal decision making


  Considering costs and benefits over time in decision-making
• Discount factor


  Factor used to discount future costs and benefits to present value
• Time discounting


  Considering the value of future rewards compared to immediate gains
• Present Discounted Value


  Current value of future rewards considering profitability rate
• Migration Determinants


  Factors influencing emigration like wage differentials, age, education
• Private Benefits of Voluntary Migrations

  Similar profitability rates to other investments in human capital
• Effects of Migrations on Wages and Efficiency

  Includes decrease in wage differentials and increase in labor productivity
• Externalities


  Impacts of migrations on host and origin countries like increased expenditures
• EU Citizenship Distribution


  Breakdown of foreign citizens in the EU by EU member states and non-EU countries
• Heterogeneity of Labour Markets

  Differences in regulations and settings across European labor markets
• US vs. EU Labour Markets


  Comparison showing better performance of US labor markets
• Unemployment Rates Variability


  Range of unemployment rates across EU27 countries with standard deviation
• Labour Demand


  Firms balance cost and benefit based on wages and productivity.