ITP

• Psychology


  The scientific study of the mind and behavior
• Psychology


  • Studies everything about human experience, the human brain, consciousness, memory, language, reasoning, personality and mental health
• Structuralism


  Psychological perspective founded by Wilhelm Wundt in 1892, focused on understanding the structure and characteristics of the mind through introspection
• Introspection


  The process by which someone examines their own conscious experiences as objectively as possible
• Functionalism


  Psychological perspective founded by William James, drew from the functionality of cognitive processes, emphasised how mental activities contributed to basic environmental survival
• Psychoanalysis


  Psychological perspective developed by Sigmund Freud, focused on the unconscious mind and childhood experiences, studied hysteria/neurosis
• Gestalt Psychology


  Psychological perspective developed by Kohler, Koffka and Wertheimer, emphasised that sensory experience cannot be broken down into individual parts, but how the parts relate to each other as a whole is what the individual responds to in perception
• Classical Conditioning


  Studied by Ivan Pavlov, involves an animal producing a reflex response to a stimulus and being conditioned to produce the same response to a different stimulus associated with the original
• Behaviorism


  Psychological perspective developed by John B. Watson, focused on observable behavior and ways to bring that behavior under control
• Operant Conditioning


  Studied by B.F. Skinner, involves principles of modifying behavior through reinforcement and punishment
• Humanism


  Psychological perspective developed by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, proposed a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior and a client-centered therapy method
• Cognitive Revolution


  Began in the 1950s, focused on how we think, problem-solve and decide, incorporating mental functioning into the study of human behavior
• Biopsychology


  Studies how the structure and function of the nervous system generate behavior
• Sensation and Perception


  Focuses on both the physiological aspects of sensory systems and the psychological experience of sensory information
• Developmental Psychology


  Studies the physical and mental attributes of aging and maturation
• Personality Psychology


  Focuses on behaviors and thought patterns that are unique to each individual
• Social Psychology


  Studies how individuals interact and relate with others and how such interactions can affect behavior
• Health Psychology


  Focuses on how individual health is directly related to or affected by biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences
• Clinical Psychology


  Focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and problematic patterns of behavior
• Industrial-Organizational Psychology


  Applies psychological theories, principles and research to industrial and organizational settings
• Sports and Exercise Psychology

  Studies the psychological aspects of sports and physical performance
• Forensic Psychology


  Deals with the justice system, including assessments of individuals' mental competency, sentencing and treatment suggestions, and advisement regarding eyewitness testimonies
• Most careers in psychology require a PhD or master's degree
• Deductive Reasoning


  Results are predicted on a general premise
• Inductive Reasoning


  Conclusions are drawn from observations
• Theory


  A well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
• Hypothesis


  A tentative and testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables
• The Scientific Method


  Use theory to form hypotheses

  2. Perform research to test the hypotheses

  3. Create or modify the theory based on the results
• Clinical or Case Studies

  Focus on one individual in extreme or unique psychological circumstances
• Naturalistic Observation


  Observation of behavior in its natural setting, without the individuals being aware of the observation
• Surveys


  Used to gather large amounts of data from a sample of a larger population
• Archival Research


  Uses past records or data sets to answer research questions or search for patterns and relationships
• Cross-Sectional Research


  Compares multiple segments of a population at a single point in time
• Longitudinal Research


  Studies the same group of individuals over an extended period of time
• Correlation


  A relationship between two or more variables, where one variable changes as the other does
• Correlation Coefficient


  A number from -1 to +1 indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables
• Correlation is not the same as causation
• Confounding Variable


  An unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, giving the false impression of a causal relationship
• Illusory Correlation


  Seeing relationships between two things when no real relationship exists, often due to confirmation bias
• Experimental Group


  Participants that experience the manipulated variable