Biodiversity

• Define Population

  a group of organisms from the same species living in the same geographical location and can interbreed.
• Give an example of mutualism (where both species benefit)

  bees pollinate flowers to obtain nectar
• Give an example of commensalism (one species benefit without harming the other species)


  barnicles attaching to whale's skin for transportation
• Give an example of parasitism (one species benefits by harming another species)

  leeches sucking the blood of a human
• Give an example of predation (when an organism feeds another living organism to gain nutrients)

  lions hunting zebra
• where does primary succession occur?


  bare rock, barren land, volcano, or sand (no pre-existing soil)
• What are the different trophic levels

  Primary producers

  Primary Consumers

  Secondary Consumers

  Tertiary Consumers

  Quaternary Consumers
• What causes eutrophication in aquatic environment?

  when too much nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) enters the water
• What is the Taxonomic Order?

  Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
• Explain the term "Genetic Bottleneck"

  When a population goes through a drastic decrease in size
• What causes genetic bottleneck to occur?

  Natural disasters, or human activity
• What is the result of genetic bottleneck?

  surviving individuals will have limited sets of genetic variation,

  hence the loss of genetic diversity
• How does global warming effect different ecosystems?

  Melting of ice: leading to death of animals living in these habitat conditions

  Rise of temperature: species who have adapted to cooler climates, to struggle in the new climate

  Coral Bleaching: from increase water temperatures, it effects the coral reef ecosystems
• Define Keystone species

  species that play a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of the ecosystem
• What is secondary succession?

  Ecological succession that occurs in an area that was previously inhabited but has been disturbed or destroyed.
• Define Species

  are a group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
• Define Hybrid

  is when there is a crossbreed between two distinct species
• What are the pre-zygotic changes?

  -Mechanical

  -Behavioral

  -Temporal

  -Ecological
• Pre-zygotic: Explain mechanical

  Reproductive organs/genitalia are too different and are not compatible.
• Pre-zygotic: Explain behavior

  Mating calls are too different, and not recognized by other.
• Pre-zygotic: Explain Temporal

  Mating at different times or seasons of the year.
• Pre-zygotic: Explain ecological

  different habitats
• What is a physical adaptation of human?


  Opposable thumbs, for grasping objects
• What is a behavioral adaptation of humans?

  Tool use
• What is a physiological adaptation of humans?


  Sweating to regulate body temperature
• how human activity might impact the carbon cycle negatively (1)

  Deforestation can reduce the amount of carbon dioxide stored and released from trees and soils
• How human activity might impact the carbon cycle negatively (2)

  The burning of fossil fuels releases gases such as CO2 into the atmosphere which then contribute to climate change.
• How human activity might impact the carbon cycle negatively (3)

  Raising of cows as they can produce methane gas that contribute to climate change
• What do pioneer species do to establish a ecosystem?

  They break down rock and organic matter that results to soil formation due to the produced nutrients.
• What is the result of the pioneer species contributing to soil formation?

  Allows the growth of herbaceous plants that will stabilize the soil and provide other organisms with resources such as food and shelter.
• What is the result of primary succession?

  The increase of species occupying the area, will also increase the biodiversity, productivity and stability
• Describe secondary succession


  With the pre-existing soil, species will take advantage and colonize the area. Through time, the growth of plant species will attract new species to occupy the area. Hence, with the new species, it will increase the interactions such as competition and ecological interactions.