communicable dieses and uncommuniCABLE DIESES

• how are communicable disease spread by?

  pathogens
• how can pathogens be spread by?

  1. air
  2. animals
  3. water
  4. direct contract
• example of pathogens?

  • virus(micro-organisms)
  • bacteria
  • fungus
  • protist
• caused by viruses?

  • measles
  • hiv
  • tobacco mosaic virus
• diseases caused by bacteria?

  salmonella

  gonorrhoea
• dieseas caused by fungus?

  • athletes foot
  • rose back spot
• disease caused by protist?

  malaria
• what can measles cause?

  high fevers and rash
• what can salmonella cause?

  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea
• effects of gonorrhoea?


  yellow or green discharge
• effects of athletes foot?

  itchy flaky foot
• what can malaria cause?

  damages in the blood and liver
• how do vaccinations work?

  1. inject weakened versions of the pathogen
  2. white blood cell makes antibodies
  3. white blood cell destroys the weakened pathogen
  4. memory cell remembers the pathogen and antibodies
• secondary response of vaccinations?(faster and bigger)

  1. memory cell quickly make antibodies next time infected with a pathogen
  2. the pathogen is destroyed before feeling ill
• what is a vector?

  something that spreads the disease?
• what is the vector for malaria?

  mosquitoes
• why is isolation important when there is a disease?

  stops the spread to healthy people
• how can you stop pathogen from entering the body?

  1. skin
  2. tears
  3. mucus
• what do painkillers do?

  treat symptoms not the pathogen
• what do antibiotics do?

  kill bacteria(only used for bacterial infections)
• how long does it take for drugs to be tested?

  10-15 years
• what does preclinical mean? 


  tested on tissues ,cells and animals
• what does clinical mean?

  1. tested on humans
  2. healthy volunteers
  3. people with the diseases
• placebo meaning?

  fake drug
• what's the equation for aerobic respiration?

  glucose + oxygen-->carbon dioxide + water
• what releases more energy aerobic or anaerobic?

  aerobic
• equation of anaerobic respiration?

  glucose → energy + lactic acid
• what is lactic acid?

  a toxin that causes muscles to fatigue
• where is lactic acid broken down?

  in the liver
• what happened when blood rate increases during exercise?

  increased blood flow --->increased delivery of oxygen and glucose-->increased respiration-->more energy is released
• what happens when breathing rate increases?

  increase oxygen intake
• equation of photosynthesis?

  carbon dioxide +water --->glucose + oxygen
• uses of glucose in plants?

  1. respiration
  2. cellulose
  3. starch
  4. lipids
  5. aminoacid
• leaf adaptions?

  1. broad-->large surface area
  2. thin--> short diffusion distance
  3. chloroplast-->contains chlorophyll
  4. air space-->gas diffusion
  5. guard cells--->open and closes the stomata
• photosynthesis particles control variables?

  1. carbon dioxide
  2. temperature
  3. chlorophyll
• describe the cell cycle?

  1. copying dna(making new organelles)
  2. mitosis(nuclear division)
  3. cell divides
• how does marligent tumour spread to other parts of the body?

  small parts of tumour break off travelling through blood
• treatment for cancer?

  radiotherapy(radiation) and chemo
• what is a tumour?

  uncontrolled cell devision
• causes of cancer?

  • genetic
  • mutations
  • ionising radiation