Reason 2: Corruption.In many countries in the South, money that should be spent on education is spent on arms and war, e.g., in Sudan and South Sudan. This lack of spending on education means that literacy rates are low. Countries in the developed world have excellent literacy rates (98.3% in Spain, 99.0% in Switzerland) because they invest heavily in education, which is funded by taxation, which is enabled by a high gross national income.