Chapter 16

• The process of gamete or sex cell production among female animals, including humans.

  oogenesis
• A diploid oogonium undergoes mitosis and produces a(n)____

  Primary oocyte
• After Meiosis I of the primary oocyte, the resulting cells do not have equal cytoplasm, and one of the resulting cells gets nearly all the cytoplasm. The bigger cell is then called the _____

  Secondary oocyte
• In the lifetime of a female, out of the 400,000 eggs at the start of puberty, only 300 to 400 eggs mature as a(n)____


  Ovum
• The process when a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell forming a diploid cell.

  Fertilization
• Another term for a "fertilized egg"

  Zygote
• The parts of the genetic information that give specific traits are called

  which are found at

  specific locations or loci on the chromosomes.

  gene
• Takes place during the alignment of the homologous chromosomes in metaphase I which leads to about 8 million different gene combinations in humans.

  Independent Assortment
• The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

  crossing-over
• Diploid adult fern 


  sporophyte
• In ferns, these are haploid resting cells with cell walls that are ideal for resisting drought, cold, and other harsh environmental conditions.


  Spores
• Unisexual flowers


  monoecious
• Bisexual flowers


  Dioecious
• The male reproductive organ of a flower

  stamen
• The female reproductive organ of a flower

  pistil
• The science of passing characteristics contained in the chromosomes of sex cells from parents to offspring.


  heredity
• Inheritance involving one pair of contrasting traits (alleles)

  monohybird crossing
• The gene that is responsible for the observed character of an organism

  genotype
• The observable expressions of the trait

  phenotype
• A diagram made of boxes used to predict the result of genetic crosses.

  Punnett square
• gametogenesis in males which results in four sperm cells

  spermatogenesis
• process in which diploid primordial germ cells (PGCs) differentiate into haploid cells by undergoing a series of cell divisions (mitotic and meiotic), followed by cell differentiation, to become gametes.

  gametogenesis
• the pouch of skin that holds and protects the testicles (testes) 

  scrotum
• male hormone 


  testosterone
• compartments inside the testes where

  spermatogenesis occurs

  seminiferous tubules
• the stem cells that fuel the whole process

  spermatogonia
• nurse cells found in the testes

  sertoli cells
• provide support and nourishment to the

  developing sperm cells

  sertoli cells
• the germ cells that fuel the whole process

  oogonia
• which is the reason no two individuals are identical?

  genetic variation
• have a combination of paternal and maternal genes that did not exist before the crossover

  recombinant chromatids
• what carries the reproductive cells in fern?

  sporangium
• what produces gametes (can produce

  both, but alternatingly to prevent self-fertilization)?

  gametophyte
• Zygote grows into a _____

  new sporophyte
• microspores are found in the?

  anther
• megaspores are found in the?

  ovule
• The zygote is enclosed in a seed and develops into an ____

  embryo
• type of cell division where diploid parent cell (2n) creates two identical diploid daughter cells (2n)

  mitosis
• pair of one paternal and one maternal chromosome

  homologous chromosomes
• variant of a gene located at a specific part of a chromosome

  allele