last minute paper 4 info

• Soluble Salts


  Salts that dissolve in water
• Acronym for remembering soluble salts

  SPAN
• Examples of soluble salts

  • Sodium salts (e.g., NaCl)
  • Potassium salts (e.g., KNO₃)
  • Ammonium salts (e.g., NH₄Cl)
  • Nitrates (e.g., NaNO₃)
• Insoluble Salts


  Salts that do not dissolve in water
• Examples of insoluble salts

  • Carbonates (e.g., CaCO₃)
  • Phosphates (e.g., Pb₃(PO₄)₂)
  • Sulfides (e.g., FeS)
• Neutralization Reaction


  Acid + Base → Salt + Water
• Acid + Metal


  Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen Gas
• Damp Red Litmus Paper Test for Ammonia (NH₃)


  Ammonia gas turns damp red litmus paper blue
• Silver Nitrate (AgNO₃) Test

  Silver nitrate is used to test for halide ions. Different halide ions form different precipitates with silver ions.
• Flame test colors for metal ions

  • Lithium (Li⁺): Crimson red
  • Sodium (Na⁺): Yellow
  • Potassium (K⁺): Lilac
  • Calcium (Ca²⁺): Brick red (red-orange)
  • Barium (Ba²⁺): Apple green
  • Copper (Cu²⁺): Blue or green (depending on the temperature of the flame)
  • Strontium (Sr²⁺): Crimson red
  • Lead (Pb²⁺): Blue (pale)
• reactivity series

  Potassium

  Sodium

  Lithium

  Calcium

  Magnesium

  Aluminum

  Carbon

  Zinc

  Iron

  Tin

  Lead

  Hydrogen

  Copper

  Silver

  Gold

  Platinum